Geochemistry, Mineralization, and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Bayan-Uul Porphyry Au-Cu-(Mo) Deposit, Central Mongolia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regional Geology
3. Deposit Geology
3.1. Bayan-Uul Porphyry Complex
3.2. Gold, Copper and Molybdenum Mineralization
3.3. Alteration and Vein Types
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Methods
4.2.1. Whole Rock Geochemical Analysis
4.2.2. Fluid Inclusion Analysis
4.2.3. O-S Isotope Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Petrography of Intrusive Rocks
5.2. Ore Mineralogy
5.3. Fluid Inclusion Petrography and Microthermometry
5.4. Whole-Rock Major and Trace Elements Composition
5.5. O-S Isotope Results
6. Discussions
6.1. Comparison with Other Porphyries
6.2. Nature of Ore-Forming Fluids and Metal Source
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rock Type | Granodiorite | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample ID | BU180815-2 | BDH78-2 | BDH78-5 | BDH78-27 | BDH78-46 | BDH78-47 | BDH74 | BDH78-45 | |
SiO2 | 69.10 | 64.01 | 64.95 | 64.22 | 64.95 | 64.57 | 66.82 | 63.77 | |
TiO2 | 0.55 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.53 | 0.62 | |
Al2O3 | 14.16 | 14.46 | 12.50 | 13.63 | 14.82 | 14.63 | 13.89 | 14.57 | |
FeO | 2.99 | 3.61 | 4.27 | 2.89 | 3.86 | 4.04 | 2.45 | 3.80 | |
MnO | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
MgO | 2.03 | 4.93 | 6.13 | 4.10 | 3.53 | 3.62 | 2.84 | 3.30 | |
CaO | 3.38 | 2.51 | 2.51 | 3.01 | 4.09 | 3.99 | 2.95 | 4.22 | |
Na2O | 2.24 | 4.09 | 3.34 | 4.32 | 3.79 | 3.79 | 2.60 | 4.09 | |
K2O | 4.16 | 2.57 | 2.46 | 2.38 | 3.25 | 3.38 | 4.02 | 3.82 | |
P2O5 | 0.55 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.21 | |
LOI | 0.52 | 2.34 | 2.09 | 3.45 | 0.58 | 0.69 | 2.54 | 1.34 | |
S | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 1.08 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.79 | 0.04 | |
Total (wt.%) | 99.74 | 99.81 | 99.80 | 99.85 | 99.79 | 99.72 | 99.60 | 99.82 | |
Cu (ppm) | 9 | 150 | 224 | 174 | 11 | 718 | 1589 | 71 | |
Zn | 47 | 34 | 27 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 21 | 23 | |
Pb | 6 | 18 | 18 | 50 | 16 | 17 | 26 | 18 | |
V | 77 | 76 | 73 | 47 | 52 | 52 | 68 | 61 | |
Cr | 89 | 117 | 113 | 78 | 49 | 51 | 111 | 44 | |
Co | 22 | 38 | 36 | 16 | 35 | 35 | 30 | 26 | |
Ni | 68 | 52 | 58 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 60 | 35 | |
As | 53 | 33 | 64 | 16 | 23 | 25 | 7 | 16 | |
Mo | 22 | 12 | 238 | 9 | 9 | 163 | 19 | 22 | |
Rb | 147 | 93 | 111 | 91 | 106 | 113 | 141 | 146 | |
Sr | 605 | 387 | 359 | 562 | 647 | 619 | 603 | 275 | |
Ba | 768 | 328 | 215 | 380 | 458 | 443 | 847 | 397 | |
Y | 30 | 18 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 13 | |
Zr | 142 | 222 | 211 | 152 | 145 | 169 | 152 | 154 | |
Nb | 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | |
Th | 38.4 | 41.8 | 36.2 | 27.4 | 38.3 | 36.5 | 28.0 | 25.1 | |
Sc | 8.4 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 6.0 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 4.1 | 4.0 | |
La | 26.1 | 16.4 | 29.6 | 6.9 | 29.7 | 23.9 | 8.1 | 9.4 | |
Ce | 37.5 | 35.2 | 55.1 | 10.4 | 55.7 | 49.1 | 17.2 | 29.9 | |
Pr | 15.7 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 2.0 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 2.1 | 2.5 | |
Nd | 24.2 | 18.9 | 23.3 | 7.6 | 23.3 | 19.6 | 7.8 | 9.4 | |
Sm | n.d | 3.90 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | |
Eu | n.d | 0.75 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |
Gd | n.d | 3.48 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 1.8 | |
Tb | n.d | 0.55 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Dy | n.d | 2.33 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | |
Ho | n.d | 0.51 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Er | n.d | 1.29 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | |
Tm | n.d | 0.28 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Yb | n.d | 1.03 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |
Lu | n.d | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
(La/Yb)N | n.d | 11.5 | 22.4 | 9.3 | 17.5 | 13.6 | 10.0 | 9.7 | |
(La/Sm)N | n.d | 2.7 | 4.7 | 2.7 | 4.6 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 3.4 | |
(Gd/Yb)N | n.d | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.2 | |
Eu/Eu* | n.d | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |
Rock type | Diorite porphyry | Monzodiorite | |||||||
Sample ID | BDH78-22 | BDH78-26 | BDH72 | BDH82 | BDH78-41 | BDH78-8 | BDH78-39 | ||
SiO2 | 57.92 | 63.02 | 60.87 | 66.05 | 60.54 | 57.69 | 54.70 | ||
TiO2 | 1.20 | 0.61 | 1.08 | 0.55 | 1.03 | 0.66 | 0.96 | ||
Al2O3 | 13.81 | 14.29 | 15.07 | 14.62 | 14.13 | 13.47 | 11.76 | ||
FeO | 5.42 | 3.20 | 4.97 | 2.82 | 4.89 | 7.9 | 6.64 | ||
MnO | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 | ||
MgO | 5.26 | 3.03 | 4.91 | 2.35 | 4.92 | 4.31 | 5.30 | ||
CaO | 5.62 | 3.11 | 1.99 | 2.53 | 3.97 | 1.92 | 5.89 | ||
Na2O | 2.96 | 3.35 | 3.20 | 3.01 | 3.06 | 2.69 | 2.81 | ||
K2O | 2.90 | 3.67 | 2.84 | 3.24 | 3.44 | 3.26 | 2.89 | ||
P2O5 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.33 | ||
LOI | 4.25 | 4.34 | 3.32 | 3.82 | 3.42 | 4.4 | 5.54 | ||
S | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.02 | 2.84 | 2.50 | ||
Total (wt.%) | 99.79 | 99.81 | 99.25 | 99.77 | 99.79 | 99.48 | 99.35 | ||
Cu (ppm) | 21 | 55 | 5134 | 60 | 24 | 2935 | 3356 | ||
Zn | 64 | 34 | 41 | 40 | 46 | 21 | 43 | ||
Pb | 8 | 31 | 5 | 30 | 11 | 36 | 3 | ||
V | 96 | 51 | 142 | 80 | 86 | 102 | 102 | ||
Cr | 63 | 48 | 140 | 91 | 43 | 130 | 294 | ||
Co | 37 | 45 | 52 | 30 | 27 | 47 | 53 | ||
Ni | 57 | 36 | 91 | 42 | 48 | 75 | 138 | ||
As | 23 | 24 | 7 | 31 | 15 | 137 | 9 | ||
Mo | 11 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 87 | ||
Rb | 89 | 118 | 190 | 102 | 109 | 117 | 131 | ||
Sr | 561 | 436 | 391 | 386 | 441 | 480 | 572 | ||
Ba | 320 | 500 | 544 | 822 | 331 | 439 | 339 | ||
Y | 23 | 13 | 20 | 14 | 19 | 21 | 12 | ||
Zr | 342 | 179 | 237 | 144 | 337 | 212 | 142 | ||
Nb | 12 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 12 | 9 | 6 | ||
Th | 37.2 | 26.5 | 28.7 | 34.0 | 37.7 | 33.4 | 23.5 | ||
Sc | 14.2 | 4.8 | 10.7 | 4.7 | 11.9 | 11.0 | 6.9 | ||
La | 33.9 | 5.0 | 17.9 | 10.2 | 27.4 | 27.6 | 6.9 | ||
Ce | 68.8 | 12.3 | 34.8 | 16.4 | 57.1 | 53.6 | 23.8 | ||
Pr | 8.1 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 2.0 | ||
Nd | 30.3 | 5.7 | 21.0 | 10.9 | 26.2 | 22.2 | 7.8 | ||
Sm | 5.5 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 1.3 | ||
Eu | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | ||
Gd | 5.5 | 1.2 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 1.4 | ||
Tb | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | ||
Dy | 3.5 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.8 | ||
Ho | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | ||
Er | 1.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.4 | ||
Tm | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ||
Yb | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.2 | ||
Lu | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ||
(La/Yb)N | 15.6 | 7.2 | 14.6 | 8.9 | 12.9 | 15.2 | 17.5 | ||
(La/Sm)N | 3.9 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 3.3 | ||
(Gd/Yb)N | 2.9 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 4.2 | ||
Eu/Eu* | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
Sample No | Mineral | Occurrence | Vein Type | δ34SV-CDT(‰) | δ18OH2O(‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDH-42-1 | Chalcopyrite | Disseminated | - | −0.5 | - |
BU180815-5 | Chalcopyrite | Outcrop | - | −0.6 | - |
BU180815-6 | Chalcopyrite | Disseminated with Au | - | 2.3 | - |
BDH-78-36 | Pyrite | qtz+tur+mo+cpy+py vein | B-type | 5.3 | - |
BDH-78-14 | Pyrite | qtz+tur+py±cpy vein | C-type | −1.4 | - |
BU180815-7 | Molybdenite | Disseminated | - | 1.9 | - |
BDH-78-1 | Pyrite | qtz+tur+py±cpy vein | C-type | 2.1 | - |
BDH-78-14 | Quarz | Along fracture | C-type | - | 5.6 |
BDH-78-36 | Quarz | Along fracture | B-type | - | 7.8 |
BDH-78-43 | Quarz | Along fracture | A-type | - | 5.3 |
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Bilegsaikhan, B.-E.; Yonezu, K.; Sereenen, J.; Sarantuya, O.; Borshigo, B. Geochemistry, Mineralization, and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Bayan-Uul Porphyry Au-Cu-(Mo) Deposit, Central Mongolia. Minerals 2024, 14, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030320
Bilegsaikhan B-E, Yonezu K, Sereenen J, Sarantuya O, Borshigo B. Geochemistry, Mineralization, and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Bayan-Uul Porphyry Au-Cu-(Mo) Deposit, Central Mongolia. Minerals. 2024; 14(3):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030320
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilegsaikhan, Bolor-Erdene, Kotaro Yonezu, Jargalan Sereenen, Oyungerel Sarantuya, and Baasanjargal Borshigo. 2024. "Geochemistry, Mineralization, and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Bayan-Uul Porphyry Au-Cu-(Mo) Deposit, Central Mongolia" Minerals 14, no. 3: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030320