Changes in Blue Color of Sapphire Compared with Oxidation State Changes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples and Heat Treatment
2.2. Color Analysis
2.3. Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE)
2.4. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Heat Treatment
3.2. Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE)
3.3. X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area | Inclusions | Sources |
---|---|---|
This study | Columbite, Ilmenite | |
Thailand | Columbite, Ilmenite, Pyrrhotite, Chalcopyrite | Saeseaw, 2017 [22] Keller, 1982 [23] Khamloet, 2014 [24] Promwongnan, 2019 [25] |
Vietnam | Columbite, Ilmenite, Pyrochlore | Vu, 2020 [21] |
Australia | Columbite, Ilmenite | Promwongnan, 2019 [25] Palke, 2019 [8] Saeseaw, 2021 [26] Fang, 2021 [27] |
Cambodia | Columbite, Pyrochlore | Saeseaw, 2017 [22] |
Nigeria | Pyrochlore | Pardieu, 2014 [28] |
Sample | L* (Lightness) | Δ | a* (Green–Red) | Δ | b* (Blue–Yellow) | Δ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia_1 | 42 (48) | 6 | −3 (−3) | 0 | −47 (−42) | 5 |
Australia_2 | 18 (32) | 14 | 3 (−3) | −6 | −33 (−26) | 7 |
Cambodia_1 | 14 (31) | 17 | 3 (−4) | −7 | −28 (−26) | 2 |
Cambodia_2 | 8 (33) | 25 | 2 (−4) | −6 | −28 (−23) | 5 |
China_1 | 35 (38) | 3 | 24 (23) | −1 | −42 (−40) | 2 |
China_2 | 30 (33) | 3 | −9 (−16) | −7 | −21 (−20) | 1 |
Thailand_1 | 15 (25) | 10 | 4 (−8) | −12 | −23 (−21) | 2 |
Thailand_2 | 43 (47) | 4 | −8 (−9) | −1 | −10 (−7) | 3 |
Samples | TiO2 (wt.%) | V2O3 (wt.%) | Cr2O3 (wt.%) | FeO (wt.%) | Ga2O3 (wt.%) | Cr2O3/Ga2O3 Ratio | FeO/TiO2 Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia_1 | 0.0322 | bdl | 0.0132 | 1.3228 | 0.0897 | 0.1472 | 41.0807 |
Australia_2 | 0.0463 | bdl | 0.0221 | 1.0560 | 0.0453 | 0.4879 | 22.8078 |
Cambodia_1 | 0.0320 | bdl | 0.0128 | 0.5782 | 0.0933 | 0.1372 | 21.1938 |
Cambodia_2 | 0.0343 | bdl | 0.0230 | 0.8563 | 0.1056 | 0.2178 | 24.9650 |
China_1 | 0.0266 | 0.0149 | 0.0102 | 1.1023 | 0.0445 | 0.2292 | 41.4398 |
China_2 | 0.0263 | 0.0127 | 0.0114 | 1.1654 | 0.0304 | 0.3750 | 44.3118 |
Thailand_1 | 0.0498 | bdl | 0.0178 | 1.0307 | 0.0169 | 1.0533 | 20.6968 |
Thailand_2 | 0.0283 | bdl | 0.0194 | 1.2805 | 0.0574 | 0.3380 | 45.2473 |
Average | 0.0345 | 0.0138 | 0.0162 | 1.0490 | 0.0604 | 0.3732 | 32.7179 |
Samples | E0 (eV) | Δ eV | % Fe2+ | % Fe3+ | %Δ | Fe/Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia_1 | 7125.9 (7126.1) | 0.2 | 7.47 (3.54) | 92.53 (96.46) | 3.93 | 41.0807 |
Australia_2 | 7125.8 (7126.2) | 0.4 | 9.43 (1.57) | 90.57 (98.43) | 7.86 | 22.8078 |
Cambodia_1 | 7125.7 (7126.0) | 0.3 | 11.39 (5.50) | 88.61 (94.50) | 5.89 | 21.1938 |
Cambodia_2 | 7125.8 (7126.1) | 0.3 | 9.43 (3.54) | 90.57 (96.46) | 5.89 | 24.9650 |
China_1 | 7126.0 (7126.2) | 0.2 | 5.50 (1.57) | 94.50 (98.43) | 3.93 | 41.4398 |
China_2 | 7126.0 (7126.2) | 0.2 | 5.50 (1.57) | 94.50 (98.43) | 3.93 | 44.3118 |
Thailand_1 | 7125.5 (7126.0) | 0.5 | 15.32 (5.50) | 84.68 (94.50) | 9.82 | 20.6968 |
Thailand_2 | 7126.0 (7126.2) | 0.2 | 5.50 (1.57) | 94.50 (98.43) | 3.93 | 45.2473 |
Average | 7125.8 (7126.1) | 0.3 | 8.69 (3.05) | 91.45 (97.08) | 5.65 | 32.7179 |
Sample | L* (Lightness) | Δ | a* (Green–Red) | Δ | b* (Blue–Yellow) | Δ | Fe Oxidation %Δ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia_1 | 42 (48) | 6 | −3 (−3) | 0 | −47 (−42) | 5 | 3.93 |
Australia_2 | 18 (32) | 14 | 3 (−3) | −6 | −33 (−26) | 7 | 7.86 |
Cambodia_1 | 14 (31) | 17 | 3 (−4) | −7 | −28 (−26) | 2 | 5.89 |
Cambodia_2 | 8 (33) | 25 | 2 (−4) | −6 | −28 (−23) | 5 | 5.89 |
China_1 | 35 (38) | 3 | 24 (23) | −1 | −42 (−40) | 2 | 3.93 |
China_2 | 30 (33) | 3 | −9 (−16) | −7 | −21 (−20) | 1 | 3.93 |
Thailand_1 | 15 (25) | 10 | 4 (−8) | −12 | −23 (−21) | 2 | 9.82 |
Thailand_2 | 43 (47) | 4 | −8 (−9) | −1 | −10 (−7) | 3 | 3.93 |
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Amphon, R.; Chankhantha, C.; Srimuang, C.; Vongsetskul, S.; Intarasiri, S.; Shen, A.H. Changes in Blue Color of Sapphire Compared with Oxidation State Changes. Minerals 2024, 14, 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040333
Amphon R, Chankhantha C, Srimuang C, Vongsetskul S, Intarasiri S, Shen AH. Changes in Blue Color of Sapphire Compared with Oxidation State Changes. Minerals. 2024; 14(4):333. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040333
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmphon, Ratthaphon, Chawalit Chankhantha, Chanisara Srimuang, Suchinda Vongsetskul, Saweat Intarasiri, and Andy H. Shen. 2024. "Changes in Blue Color of Sapphire Compared with Oxidation State Changes" Minerals 14, no. 4: 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040333