Mineral Components, Organic Matter Quality and Soil Enzymatic Activity under the Influence of Differentiated Farmyard Manure and Nitrogen Fertilisation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Physicochemical Properties of Soil
- Granulometric composition by laser diffraction, using a Mastersizer MS 2000 analyser;
- pH, potentiometrically in 1 M KCl extract [32];
- Hydrolytic acidity (Hh) and total exchangeable base cations (TEB), by using the Kappen method. Based on TEB and Hh, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) was calculated, and the sorption complex’s degree of saturation with bases (BS) was calculated from CEC and TEB;
- Electrical conductivity of 1:5 soil–water extract (EC1:5), by using the conductometric method [33].
2.2.2. Properties of Organic Matter
2.2.3. Content of Available Macroelements
- Available phosphorus (P) [36] and potassium (K) [37] were determined by using the Egner–Riehm (DL) method [38]. The method involves the extraction of phosphorus and potassium from the soil with a calcium lactate solution buffered to a pH of approximately 3.6. Available magnesium (Mg) was determined according to PN-R-04020 [39] by using the Schachtschabel [40] method, which involves extracting magnesium from the soil with a solution of 0.0125 M CaCl2 and a soil-to-solution ratio of 1:10.
2.2.4. Activity of Enzymes
- The total enzyme activity index (TEI) [45]:
- The geometric mean of enzyme activities (GMea) [46]:
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils
3.2. Properties of Organic Matter
3.3. Content of Available Macroelements in Soil
3.4. Soil Enzyme Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nitrogen (kg ha−1) II Factor | FYM (t ha−1) I Factor | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 FYM | 30 FYM | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | |
Sand (%) | Silt (%) | Clay (%) | pH KCl | |||||
0 N | 55.30 ±9.21 | 55.91 ±8.32 | 39.60 ±5.44 | 39.31 ±3.61 | 5.10 ±1.99 | 4.78 ±1.02 | 5.17 ±0.28 | 5.63 ±0.41 |
40 N | 55.40 ±5.32 | 54.49 ±4.86 | 39.47 ±4.62 | 40.64 ±4.11 | 5.13 ±0.83 | 4.87 ±0.75 | 4.94 ±0.34 | 4.88 ±0.22 |
60 N | 56.17 ±6.51 | 53.81 ±3.92 | 38.55 ±5.14 | 41.07 ±4.30 | 5.28 ±2.02 | 5.12 ±1.64 | 4.33 ±0.35 | 4.61 ±0.37 |
120 N | 56.33 ±4.68 | 55.41 ±5.23 | 38.50 ±4.80 | 39.61 ±3.69 | 5.17 ±0.99 | 4.98 ±1.02 | 4.02 ±0.28 | 4.44 ±0.18 |
Nitrogen (kg ha−1) II Factor | FYM (t ha−1) I Factor | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | |
Hh (cmol kg−1) | TEB (cmol kg−1) | CEC (cmol kg−1) | BS (%) | EC (µS cm−1) | |||||||||||
0 N | 1.87cA ±0.01 | 1.46cB ±0.22 | 1.67d | 47.70 * ±0.4 | 45.85 ±0.1 | 46.78c | 49.57cA ±0.40 | 47.35cB ±0.45 | 48.46c | 96.23aA ±0.03 | 96.98aA ±0.21 | 96.60a | 657.2bcA ±26.91 | 751.2 aA ±34.05 | 704.2ab |
40 N | 1.94cA ±0.03 | 1.93bA ±0.11 | 1.93c | 48.10 ±1.8 | 47.85 ±0.1 | 47.98b | 50.51bA ±0.72 | 49.87bA ±0.30 | 50.19b | 96.72aB ±0.03 | 95.95bB ±0.59 | 96.33a | 961.3aB ±84.86 | 764.3 aB ±30.40 | 862.8a |
60 N | 2.46bA ±0.11 | 2.34aA ±0.03 | 2.40b | 49.20 ±1.4 | 48.20 ±1.6 | 48.70ab | 52.44aA ±0.23 | 50.54abB ±0.57 | 51.49a | 95.17bcC ±0.04 | 95.69bC ±0.52 | 95.43b | 576.3cC ±63.80 | 565.1 aC ±47.58 | 570.7b |
120 N | 2.74aA ±0.23 | 2.53aB ±0.04 | 2.63a | 49.75 ±0.1 | 48.80 ±0.4 | 49.28a | 52.49aA ±0.33 | 50.90aB ±0.40 | 51.72a | 94.79cD ±0.41 | 95.03cD ±0.04 | 94.91c | 517.5 cD ±35.10 | 777.9 aD ±28.24 | 647.7b |
Mean | 2.25a * | 2.06b | 48.69a | 47.66a | 51.25a | 49.68a | 95.72a | 95.91a | 678.1a | 714.6a | |||||
η2 for FYM; N η2 for interaction; error | 5.36%; 89.86%; 3.32%; 1.35% | 20.32%; 69.10%; 6.38%; 3.46% | 21.76%; 72.50%; 3.88%; 1.01% | 1.49%; 79.34%; 14.42%; 2.02% | 1.50%; 51.70%; 31.04%; 12.61% |
Nitrogen (kg ha−1) II Factor | FYM (t ha−1) I Factor | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | |
TOC | TN | TOC/TN | |||||||
0 N | 6.59bB ± 0.10 | 9.13aA ± 0.16 | 7.86a | 0.91 * ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.03 | 0.95b | 7.24abB | 9.22aA | 8.23a |
40 N | 6.53bB ± 0.11 | 8.62abA ± 0.26 | 7.58a | 0.98 ±0.02 | 1.06 ±0.02 | 1.02a | 6.65bB | 8.19bA | 7.42b |
60 N | 7.33aB ± 0.20 | 8.31abA ± 0.31 | 7.82a | 0.94 ± 0.03 | 1.08 ±0.01 | 1.01ab | 7.78aA | 7.75bA | 7.76ab |
120 N | 7.55aA ± 0.22 | 7.89bA ±0.25 | 7.72a | 0.94 ±0.02 | 1.08 ±0.01 | 1.01ab | 8.01aA | 7.33bcB | 7.67b |
Mean | 7.00b | 8.45a | 0.95a | 1.05a | 7.42b | 8.12a | |||
η2 for FYM; N η2 for interaction; η2 for error | 59.00%; 1.27% 20.32%; 19.44% | 31.05%; 8.22% 2.28%; 58.44% | 19.49%; 13.60% 46.90%; 20.00% |
Nitrogen (kg ha−1) II Factor | FYM (t ha−1) I Factor | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | |
DOC (mg kg−1) | DOC (%) | |||||
0 N | 75.7bB ± 5.0 | 90.3bA ± 5.2 | 83.0c | 1.15abA ± 0.06 | 0.99bB ± 0.05 | 1.07c |
40 N | 76.3bB ± 4.9 | 92.4bA ± 5.8 | 84.3c | 1.17abA ± 0.05 | 1.08bA ± 0.04 | 1.12bc |
60 N | 80.5bB ± 5.1 | 105.3aA ± 4.6 | 92.9b | 1.10bcB ± 0.08 | 1.27aA ± 0.05 | 1.18b |
120 N | 93.5aB ± 3.8 | 105.5aA ± 5.0 | 99.5a | 1.24aA ± 0.04 | 1.34aA ± 0.05 | 1.29a |
Mean | 81.5b | 98.4a | 1.17a | 1.17a | ||
η2 for FYM; N η2 for interaction; error | 56.25%; 35.37% 4.55%; 3.84% | 0.00%; 49.04% 35.03%; 15.92% |
Nitrogen (kg ha−1) II Factor | FYM (t ha−1) I Factor | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | |
Cd | CHAs | CFAs | |||||||
0 N | 106 * ± 3 | 110 ± 8 | 108b | 1175bB ± 40 | 1955A ± 45 | 1565a | 1840 ± 45 | 2437 ± 45 | 2138a |
40 N | 112 ± 5 | 102 ± 5 | 107b | 1413aB ± 45 | 1641A ± 40 | 1527a | 2041 ± 55 | 2025 ± 60 | 2033a |
60 N | 106 ± 4 | 115 ± 6 | 110b | 1277aB ± 25 | 1735A ± 45 | 1506a | 1901 ± 54 | 2267 ± 57 | 2084a |
120 N | 122 ± 4 | 126 ± 7 | 124a | 1273aB ± 28 | 1712A ± 47 | 1493a | 1970 ± 32 | 2211 ± 58 | 2091a |
Mean | 111a | 113a | 1285b | 1761a | 1938a | 2235a | |||
η2 for FYM; N η2 for interaction; error | 0.64%; 49.71% 12.20%; 37.46% | 78.11%; 1.04% 13.40%; 7.45% | 29.46%; 1.87% 16.33%; 52.34% |
Nitrogen (kg ha−1) II Factor | FYM (t ha−1) I Factor | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | |
P | K | Mg | |||||||
0 N | 48.65aB * ± 0.264 | 63.57bA ± 0.587 | 56.11b | 58.40abB ± 0.748 | 65.44bcA ± 0.827 | 61.92b | 40.29abB ± 0.582 | 46.01bA ± 0.448 | 43.15b |
40 N | 51.69aB ± 0.304 | 68.14aA ± 0.608 | 59.92a | 60.79aB ± 0.834 | 72.95aA ± 0.869 | 66.87a | 42.62aB ± 0.597 | 49.38aA ± 0.502 | 45.99a |
60 N | 43.82bB ± 0.256 | 51.59cA ± 0.782 | 47.71c | 56.05bB ± 0.627 | 66.96bA ± 0.751 | 61.51b | 38.99bA ± 0.429 | 50.77aA ± 0.511 | 44.88ab |
120 N | 35.66cB ± 0.185 | 40.52dA ± 0.439 | 38.09d | 54.00bB ± 0.615 | 63.33cA ± 0.722 | 58.67c | 37.21cB ± 0.448 | 41.75cA ± 0.395 | 39.48c |
Mean | 44.96b | 55.96a | 57.31b | 67.17a | 39.77b | 46.97a | |||
η2 for FYM; N η2 for interaction; error | 27.99%; 66.77% 4.72%; 0.478% | 71.08%; 25.47% 2.677%; 0.760% | 61.06%; 28.74% 8.97%; 1.12% |
Nitrogen (kg ha−1) II Factor | FYM (t ha−1) I Factor | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | |
DEH | CAT | |||||
0 N | 0.924 ± 0.030 | 1.258 ± 0.017 | 1.091a | 0.419aB ± 0.031 | 0.624aA ± 0.041 | 0.522a |
40 N | 0.772 ± 0.027 | 1.092 ± 0.006 | 0.932b | 0.387bB ± 0.028 | 0.594aA ± 0.038 | 0.491b |
60 N | 0.523 ± 0.041 | 0.881 ± 0.031 | 0.702c | 0.280cB ± 0.019 | 0.428bA ± 0.034 | 0.354c |
120 N | 0.508 ± 0.022 | 0.869 ± 0.023 | 0.689c | 0.119dB ± 0.014 | 0.209cA ± 0.029 | 0.164d |
Mean | 0.682b | 1.025a | 0.419b | 0.624a | ||
η2 for FYM; N η2 for interaction; error | 48.95%; 49.94% 0.554%; 0.554% | 23.59%; 73.70% 2.40%; 0.31% |
Nitrogen (kg ha−1) II Factor | FYM (t ha−1) I Factor | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | 0 FYM | 30 FYM | Mean | |
AlP | AcP | PRO | |||||||
0 N | 0.599aB ± 0.071 | 0.895aA ± 0.082 | 0.747a | 0.501dB ± 0.035 | 1.132dA ± 0.085 | 0.817c | 5.8dB ± 0.121 | 9.70dA ± 0.259 | 7.75d |
40 N | 0.428bB ± 0.065 | 0.722bA ± 0.059 | 0.575b | 0.583cB ± 0.021 | 1.422bA ± 0.081 | 1.003b | 18.2cB ± 0.181 | 21.70bA ± 0.425 | 19.95c |
60 N | 0.307cB ± 0.035 | 0.472cA ± 0.051 | 0.390c | 0.711bB ± 0.025 | 1.318cA ± 0.071 | 1.015b | 23.1bB ± 0.358 | 28.21bA ± 0.483 | 25.65b |
120 N | 0.173dB ± 0.018 | 0.286dA ± 0.021 | 0.230d | 0.853aB ± 0.058 | 1.572aA ± 0.069 | 1.213a | 29.4aB ± 0.745 | 35.72aA ± 0.688 | 32.55a |
Mean | 0.377b | 0.594a | 0.662b | 1.361a | 19.13b | 23.83a | |||
η2 for FYM; N η2 for interaction; η2 for error | 23.00%; 47.00%; 2.80%; 0.20% | 85.27%; 13.35% 1.35%; 0.03% | 5.99%; 93.59%; 0.39%; 0.024% |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Lemanowicz, J.; Bartkowiak, A.; Dębska, B.; Majcherczak, E.; Michalska, A. Mineral Components, Organic Matter Quality and Soil Enzymatic Activity under the Influence of Differentiated Farmyard Manure and Nitrogen Fertilisation. Minerals 2024, 14, 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070645
Lemanowicz J, Bartkowiak A, Dębska B, Majcherczak E, Michalska A. Mineral Components, Organic Matter Quality and Soil Enzymatic Activity under the Influence of Differentiated Farmyard Manure and Nitrogen Fertilisation. Minerals. 2024; 14(7):645. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070645
Chicago/Turabian StyleLemanowicz, Joanna, Agata Bartkowiak, Bożena Dębska, Edward Majcherczak, and Agata Michalska. 2024. "Mineral Components, Organic Matter Quality and Soil Enzymatic Activity under the Influence of Differentiated Farmyard Manure and Nitrogen Fertilisation" Minerals 14, no. 7: 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070645