Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reduction of Hematite to Magnetite with CO–CO2 in a Micro-Fluidized Bed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Apparatus and Procedures
2.3. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Determination of the Kinetic Model
3.2. Microstructure Changes after Reduction Roasting
3.3. Physical and Chemical Processes
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The Avrami–Erofe’ev model of nucleation and 1D growth (n = 1.58) was successfully applied to describe the phase transition of hematite to magnetite, and the value of activation energy ΔEa of the reaction was estimated to be 48.70 kJ/mol.
- (2)
- The newly formed magnetite nuclei were needle-like in shape. Microcracks were formed and increased asthe magnetite nuclei formed, and thus the original hematite sample became porous after complete reduction to magnetite.
- (3)
- Micropores or cracks induced by normal swelling were conducive to the reduction of hematite to magnetite.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Material | Method | ΔEa (kJ/mol) | Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shimokawabe et al. | Fe2O3/5%CO-Ar | Non-Isothermal (25–700 °C) | 33.28–74.00 | Random nucleation | [12] |
Tiernan et al. | Fe2O3/5%H2-He | Non-isothermal (25–650 °C) | 96.02–105.3 | Phase boundary | [13] |
Trushenski et al. | Hematite/10%CO-CO2 | Isothermal (750–800 °C) | 69–100 | Non-topochemical model | [14] |
Piotrowski et al. | Hematite/5.7%CO + 4.3%H2-N2 | Isothermal (700–900 °C) | 58.13 | Random nucleation | [15] |
Lin et al. | Fe2O3/5%H2-N2 | Non-Isothermal (25–900 °C) | 89.13 | Unimolecular model | [16] |
Jozwiak et al. | Fe2O3/5%CO-Ar | Non-Isothermal (25–1000 °C) | 70 | Not determined | [17] |
Hou et al. | Fe2O3/5%H2-Ar | Isothermal (440–490 °C) | 105.4 | Not determined | [18] |
Pineau et al. | Fe2O3/10%H2-N2 | Isothermal (220–680 °C) | 75.9–114.1 | Not determined | [19] |
Munteanu et al. | Fe2O3/10%H2-Ar | Non-Isothermal (290–480 °C) | 139.2 | Not determined | [20] |
Gaviria et al. | Fe2O3/5%H2-Ar | Isothermal (260–360 °C) | 94–102 | Not determined | [21] |
Chakraborty | Fe2O3/5%H2-Ar | Isothermal (575 °C) | 115.7 | Not determined | [22] |
Wimmers et al. | Fe2O3/67%H2-Ar | Non-Isothermal (290–480 °C) | 124 | Not determined | [23] |
Colombon et al. | Fe2O3/100%H2 | Isothermal (250–400 °C) | 108.7 | Not determined | [24] |
Hou et al. | Fe2O3/5%CO-Ar | Isothermal (400~500 °C) | 75.4 | Not determined | [25] |
No. | Temperature/°C | n | lnβ | Correlation Coefficient R |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 500 (773 K) | 1.79 | −10.71729 | 0.9642 |
2 | 525 (798 K) | 1.66 | −9.37611 | 0.9897 |
3 | 550 (823 K) | 1.63 | −8.74489 | 0.9944 |
4 | 575 (848 K) | 1.51 | −7.78061 | 0.9964 |
5 | 600 (873 K) | 1.29 | −6.26923 | 0.9948 |
Average | 1.58 | −8.57763 | 0.9879 |
No. | Temperature/°C | Kinetic Constant k/s−1 | Correlation Coefficient R |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 500 (773 K) | 0.00281 | 0.9931 |
2 | 525 (798 K) | 0.00365 | 0.9961 |
3 | 550 (823 K) | 0.00462 | 0.9976 |
4 | 575 (848 K) | 0.00552 | 0.9989 |
5 | 600 (873 K) | 0.00675 | 0.9947 |
No. | Experimental Conditions | Conversion Degree α/% | BET Surface Area/m2·g−1 | Porosity Volume/cm3·g−1 | Pore Size/nm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Raw hematite | 0 | 0.6693 | 0.002659 | 15.89 |
2 | Reduction at 500 °C for 3 min | 13.8 | 0.7803 | 0.005688 | 29.15 |
3 | Reduction at 575 °C for 2.5 min | 55.3 | 1.0831 | 0.010966 | 40.50 |
4 | Reduction at 550 °C for 9 min | 97.4 | 1.4751 | 0.020231 | 54.86 |
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Yu, J.; Han, Y.; Li, Y.; Gao, P.; Li, W. Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reduction of Hematite to Magnetite with CO–CO2 in a Micro-Fluidized Bed. Minerals 2017, 7, 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7110209
Yu J, Han Y, Li Y, Gao P, Li W. Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reduction of Hematite to Magnetite with CO–CO2 in a Micro-Fluidized Bed. Minerals. 2017; 7(11):209. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7110209
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Jianwen, Yuexin Han, Yanjun Li, Peng Gao, and Wenbo Li. 2017. "Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reduction of Hematite to Magnetite with CO–CO2 in a Micro-Fluidized Bed" Minerals 7, no. 11: 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7110209