Characteristics of a Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit in the River Reef Zone and the Watuputih Hill, the Poboya Gold Prospect, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: Host Rocks and Hydrothermal Alteration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geologic Background
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Host Rock Descriptions and Geochemistry Results
4.2. Hydrothermal Alteration
5. Discussion
K-Feldspar Illite Quartz
Biotite Chlorite Quartz
Ca-Plagioclase Epidote
Calcite
Ca-Plagioclase Calcite
K-Feldspar Alunite Quartz
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rock Type | LOD | Granite | Biotite Gneiss | Biotite Schist | Feldspar Porphyroblastic Biotite Schist | Amph Schist | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 36-01 | 36-07 | 36-08 * | 36-09 * | 36-11 * | 40-10 * | 40-01 | 40-04 | 40-06 | 40-16 * | 36-13 * | 36-14 | 40-24 | 40-26 * | 40-29 * | 36-20 | 36-22 | 40-47 | 36-24 | 40-36 | 40-42 | 40-45 | 40-41 | |
SiO2 (wt %) | 0.02 | 60.7 | 74.6 | 78.5 | 78.9 | 69.3 | 80.4 | 59.4 | 67.7 | 68.5 | 77.0 | 61.8 | 61.0 | 65.3 | 66.6 | 66.0 | 63.4 | 63.7 | 65.3 | 56.6 | 66.0 | 63.2 | 66.2 | 50.0 |
TiO2 | 0.003 | 0.67 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 1.09 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.31 | 1.11 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 1.42 |
Al2O3 | 0.02 | 12.8 | 11.4 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 14.1 | 9.9 | 20.0 | 13.5 | 14.2 | 11.6 | 16.4 | 15.4 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 14.8 | 13.1 | 15.1 | 14.7 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 14.8 | 14.1 |
FeO | 0.004 | 3.52 | 1.11 | 1.14 | 1.28 | 3.25 | 1.18 | 3.35 | 2.86 | 3.31 | 1.67 | 5.38 | 5.11 | 4.59 | 3.95 | 4.27 | 6.25 | 4.22 | 5.63 | 5.97 | 4.95 | 3.31 | 2.92 | 10.33 |
MnO | 0.002 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.16 |
MgO | 0.03 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 8.9 |
CaO | 0.001 | 7.013 | 1.644 | 0.306 | 0.343 | 2.281 | 0.532 | 2.840 | 2.059 | 1.140 | 0.595 | 4.357 | 4.460 | 3.157 | 2.725 | 3.674 | 3.083 | 2.785 | 0.521 | 5.041 | 2.887 | 2.383 | 2.558 | 8.768 |
Na2O | 0.02 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 1.5 |
K2O | 0.003 | 2.66 | 6.64 | 4.59 | 4.40 | 3.46 | 3.67 | 2.82 | 3.08 | 4.14 | 4.25 | 2.86 | 3.12 | 2.84 | 3.83 | 3.79 | 2.48 | 5.89 | 4.09 | 5.74 | 3.70 | 4.74 | 4.61 | 0.84 |
P2O5 | 0.003 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.11 |
LOI | - | 6.66 | 2.06 | 0.74 | 0.85 | 1.85 | 1.13 | 5.41 | 3.40 | 2.52 | 0.99 | 1.33 | 2.97 | 2.26 | 1.89 | 1.09 | 2.82 | 4.01 | 3.96 | 2.89 | 2.81 | 3.12 | 2.35 | 3.44 |
Total | 98.9 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.8 | 99.6 | 99.7 | 99.4 | 99.0 | 99.2 | 99.8 | 99.7 | 99.0 | 99.3 | 99.2 | 99.2 | 99.8 | 99.1 | 99.7 | 99.1 | 99.1 | 98.8 | 99.4 | 99.6 | |
S (ppm) | 30 | 9250 | 2030 | 2910 | 1430 | 1630 | 1670 | 3360 | 8460 | 5970 | 510 | 910 | 7350 | 4420 | 5450 | 4540 | 520 | 7570 | 1920 | 1370 | 6170 | 6640 | 1280 | 2780 |
V | 15 | 70 | 30 | n.d. | 20 | 80 | 20 | 150 | 70 | 90 | 30 | 170 | 140 | 140 | n.d. | 110 | 150 | 120 | 160 | 170 | 140 | 100 | 70 | 370 |
Cr | 26 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 30 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 40 | 70 | 120 | 50 | 90 | 100 | 60 | 40 | n.d. | 310 |
Co | 100 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Ni | 15 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 20 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 20 | 30 | 60 | 30 | 60 | 40 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 80 |
Cu | 5 | 5 | 6 | n.d. | 11 | n.d. | 17 | 6 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 9 | 8 | 8 | 79 | 106 | 5 | 33 | 42 | 39 | 103 | 19 | 45 | 34 |
Zn | 20 | 30 | 80 | 20 | n.d. | 30 | 40 | 60 | 50 | 40 | 90 | 60 | 70 | 70 | 30 | 70 | 50 | 60 | 60 | 80 | 30 | 50 | 60 | 60 |
Pb | 15 | n.d. | 40 | n.d. | n.d. | 15 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 15 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 15 | 15 | 20 | n.d. | 30 | 50 | n.d. |
As | 2 | n.d. | 6 | 27 | 6 | n.d. | 22 | n.d. | 6 | 91 | n.d. | n.d. | 19 | 32 | 93 | 41 | 3 | 74 | 60 | 4 | 192 | 278 | 17 | 93 |
Mo | 30 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Rb | 3 | 79 | 295 | 139 | 131 | 96 | 108 | 102 | 95 | 158 | 127 | 116 | 126 | 118 | 124 | 116 | 111 | 280 | 216 | 182 | 183 | 169 | 138 | 46 |
Sr | 3 | 372 | 153 | 81 | 108 | 457 | 121 | 235 | 318 | 316 | 116 | 665 | 685 | 553 | 475 | 607 | 288 | 235 | 24 | 1421 | 498 | 984 | 980 | 190 |
Ba | 80 | 900 | 830 | 450 | 400 | 1660 | 150 | 1200 | 1130 | 1390 | 790 | 1050 | 1000 | 890 | 1380 | 1620 | 490 | 720 | 250 | 4870 | 780 | 3130 | 3160 | 110 |
Y | 2 | 42 | 24 | 29 | 11 | 23 | 25 | 30 | 24 | 29 | 29 | 39 | 30 | 26 | 31 | 33 | 38 | 23 | 28 | 55 | 43 | 33 | 27 | 35 |
Zr | 4 | 269 | 105 | 188 | 76 | 244 | 110 | 273 | 262 | 286 | 169 | 401 | 333 | 336 | 303 | 328 | 171 | 131 | 149 | 444 | 406 | 309 | 246 | 87 |
Nb | 3 | 13 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 9 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 13 | n.d. |
Location | LOD | Peak | Hillside | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 06-01 | 07-01 | 08-01 | 01-01 | 03-01 | 03-02 | |
SiO2 (wt %) | 0.02 | 89.5 | 96.4 | 91.3 | 55.4 | 62.5 | 56.3 |
TiO2 | 0.003 | 1.14 | 0.25 | 3.4 | 0.16 | 0.77 | 0.41 |
Al2O3 | 0.02 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 16.6 | 16.3 | 14.7 |
FeO | 0.004 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 1.23 | 2.5 |
MnO | 0.002 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
MgO | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
CaO | 0.001 | 0.253 | 0.090 | 0.171 | 0.105 | 0.208 | 0.082 |
Na2O | 0.02 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.4 |
K2O | 0.003 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 2.57 | 2.82 | 2.45 |
P2O5 | 0.003 | 0.33 | n.d. | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.05 |
LOI | - | 3.22 | 1.83 | 2.88 | 18.03 | 11.34 | 17.15 |
Total | 98.8 | 100 | 99.9 | 94.2 | 97.2 | 94.3 | |
S (ppm) | 30 | 9700 | 250 | 530 | 56210 | 26510 | 55740 |
V | 15 | 60 | 20 | 180 | 50 | 110 | 60 |
Cr | 26 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Co | 100 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Ni | 15 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Cu | 5 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 7 | 7 |
Zn | 20 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Pb | 15 | 50 | n.d. | n.d. | 30 | n.d. | n.d. |
As | 2 | n.d. | 5 | 3 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Mo | 30 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Rb | 3 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 24 | 108 | 22 |
Sr | 3 | 708 | n.d. | 89 | 176 | 191 | 92 |
Ba | 80 | 870 | n.d. | 170 | 1280 | 1050 | 830 |
Y | 2 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 22 | 4 |
Zr | 4 | 321 | 155 | 286 | 108 | 264 | 246 |
Nb | 3 | 20 | 6 | 21 | 6 | 11 | 6 |
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Syafrizal; Rivai, T.A.; Yonezu, K.; Kusumanto, D.; Watanabe, K.; Hede, A.N.H. Characteristics of a Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit in the River Reef Zone and the Watuputih Hill, the Poboya Gold Prospect, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: Host Rocks and Hydrothermal Alteration. Minerals 2017, 7, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070124
Syafrizal, Rivai TA, Yonezu K, Kusumanto D, Watanabe K, Hede ANH. Characteristics of a Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit in the River Reef Zone and the Watuputih Hill, the Poboya Gold Prospect, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: Host Rocks and Hydrothermal Alteration. Minerals. 2017; 7(7):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070124
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyafrizal, Tomy Alvin Rivai, Kotaro Yonezu, Damar Kusumanto, Koichiro Watanabe, and Arie Naftali Hawu Hede. 2017. "Characteristics of a Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit in the River Reef Zone and the Watuputih Hill, the Poboya Gold Prospect, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: Host Rocks and Hydrothermal Alteration" Minerals 7, no. 7: 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070124