Synthesis of 4A Zeolite from Kaolinite-Type Pyrite Flotation Tailings (KPFT)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical and Materials
2.2. Calcination (Metakaolinization)
2.3. Synthesis of 4A Zeolite
2.4. Characterization and Relative Crystallinity Calculation (RC)
2.5. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Orthogonal Tests Results Analysis
3.1.1. XRD Phase Analysis
3.1.2. RC and CEC Results Analysis
3.2. Characterization of 4A Zeolite Synthesized in Optimum Conditions (No. 20)
3.2.1. FTIR Analysis
3.2.2. SEM and EDX Analysis
3.2.3. BET Specific Surface Area and Pore Size Analysis
3.2.4. TG-DSC Measurements
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kosanović, C.; Subotić, B.; Ristić, A. Kinetic analysis of temperature-induced transformation of zeolite 4A to low-carnegieite. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2004, 86, 390–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Peng, S.; Shu, L.; Chen, T.; Bao, T.; Frost, R.L. Magnetic zeolite NaA: Synthesis, characterization based on metakaolin and its application for the removal of Cu2+, Pb2+. Chemosphere 2013, 91, 1539–1546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hasan, F.; Singh, R.; Li, G.; Zhao, D.; Webley, P.A. Direct synthesis of hierarchical LTA zeolite via a low crystallization and growth rate technique in presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 382, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mousavi, S.F.; Jafari, M.; Kazemimoghadam, M.; Mohammadi, T. Template free crystallization of zeolite Rho via hydrothermal synthesis: Effects of synthesis time, synthesis temperature, water content and alkalinity. Ceram. Int. 2013, 39, 7149–7158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.-Q.; Huang, Y.-X.; Pan, Y.; Mi, J.-X. Hydrothermal synthesis of high purity zeolite A from natural kaolin without calcination. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2014, 199, 50–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Covarrubias, C.; Arriagada, R.; Yáñez, J.; García, R.; Angélica, M.; Barros, S.D.; Arroyo, P.; Sousa-Aguiar, E.F. Removal of chromium(III) from tannery effluents, using a system of packed columns of zeolite and activated carbon. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2005, 80, 899–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali Khan, I.; Loughlin, K.F. Kinetics of sorption in deactivated zeolite crystal adsorbents. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2003, 27, 689–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dornath, P.; Fan, W. Dehydration of fructose into furans over zeolite catalyst using carbon black as adsorbent. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2014, 191, 10–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.Q.; Xiong, L.; Lin, H.Q.; Qu, M.Z. Controlled synthesis of large inner diameter carbon nanotubes by Ni-Fe/zeolite 4A catalyst. J. Inorg. Chem. 2009, 25, 1330–1335. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Sherry, H.S.; Walton, H.F. The ion-exchange properties of zeolites. II. Ion exchange in the synthetic Zeolite Linde 4A. J. Phys. Chem. 1967, 71, 1457–1465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayele, L.; Pérez, E.; Mayoral, Á.; Chebude, Y.; Díaz, I. Synthesis of zeolite A using raw kaolin from Ethiopia and its application in removal of Cr(III) from tannery wastewater. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2018, 93, 146–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hui, K.S.; Chao, C.Y.H. Pure, single phase, high crystalline, chamfered-edge zeolite 4A synthesized from coal fly ash for use as a builder in detergents. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, 137, 401–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, T.; Wang, Y.; Dong, H.; Dong, J.; Qinhua, X.U.; Han, S. Synthesis of detergent-used zeolite 4A from Montmorillonite. J. Naijing Univ. 2001, 37, 97–103. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Dufour, J.; Gonzã¡Lez, V.; Iglesia, A.L. Optimization of 4A zeolite synthesis as recovery of wastes from aluminum finishing. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2001, 36, 1257–1269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lei, P.-C.; Shen, X.-J.; Li, Y.; Guo, M.; Zhang, M. An improved implementable process for the synthesis of zeolite 4A from bauxite tailings and its Cr3+ removal capacity. Int. J. Min. Met. Mater. 2016, 23, 850–857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohgushi, T.; Komarneni, S.; Bhalla, A.S. Mechanism of microwave heating of zeolite A. J. Porous Mater. 2001, 8, 23–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, W.; Feng, Q.; Liu, K.; Zhang, G.; Liu, J.; Huang, Y. A novel magnetic 4A zeolite adsorbent synthesised from kaolinite type pyrite cinder (KTPC). Solid State Sci. 2015, 39, 52–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, X.; Qiu, G.; Yue, C.; Guo, M.; Zhang, M. Multiple copper adsorption and regeneration by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2017, 24, 21829–21835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seliem, M.K.; Komarneni, S. Equilibrium and kinetic studies for adsorption of iron from aqueous solution by synthetic Na-A zeolites: Statistical modeling and optimization. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2016, 228, 266–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hui, K.S.; Chao, C.Y.H. Effects of step-change of synthesis temperature on synthesis of zeolite 4A from coal fly ash. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2006, 88, 145–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, M.E.; Lobo, R.F. Zeolite and molecular sieve synthesis. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 756–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alkan, M.; Hopa, C.; Yilmaz, Z.; Güler, H. The effect of alkali concentration and solid/liquid ratio on the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite NaA from natural kaolinite. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2005, 86, 176–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zayed, A.M.; Selim, A.Q.; Mohamed, E.A.; Abdel Wahed, M.S.M.; Seliem, M.K.; Sillanpää, M. Adsorption characteristics of Na-A zeolites synthesized from Egyptian kaolinite for manganese in aqueous solutions: Response surface modeling and optimization. Appl. Clay Sci. 2017, 140, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maia, A.Á.B.; Neves, R.F.; Angélica, R.S.; Pöllmann, H. Synthesis, optimisation and characterisation of the zeolite NaA using kaolin waste from the Amazon region. Production of zeolites KA, MgA and CaA. Appl. Clay Sci. 2015, 108, 55–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, J. Study on synthesis of pure 4A-zeolite from attapulgite clay by calcination and alkali-leaching. Non-Met. Mines 2009, 32, 13–15, 17. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Lu, P.N. Preparation of 4A zeolite as detergent builder from bentonite. China Surfactant Deterg. Cosmet. 1991, 4, 1–6. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Miao, Q.; Zhou, Z.; Yang, J.; Lu, J.; Yan, S.; Wang, J. Synthesis of NaA zeolite from kaolin source. Front. Chem. Eng. China 2009, 3, 8–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa, E.; Lucas, A.D.; Uguina, M.A.; Ruiz, J.C. Synthesis of 4A zeolite from calcined kaolins for use in detergents. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 1291–1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, D.; Wang, Z.; Guo, M.; Zhang, M.; Liu, J. Feasible conversion of solid waste bauxite tailings into highly crystalline 4A zeolite with valuable application. Waste Manag. 2014, 34, 2365–2372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guo, Z.; Feng, Q.; Wang, W.; Huang, Y.; Deng, J.; Xu, Z. Study on flotation tailings of kaolinite-type pyrite when used as cement admixture and concrete admixture. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2016, 31, 644–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azizi, H.R.; Pakdehi, S.G.; Babaee, S. Thermodynamic study and optimization a nano-zeolitefor dehydration liquid fuel (DMAZ) using taguchi L16 orthogonal array. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2017, 1, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayele, L.; Pérez-Pariente, J.; Chebude, Y.; Díaz, I. Synthesis of zeolite A from Ethiopian kaolin. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2015, 215, 29–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Component | Na2O | K2O | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | TiO2 |
Mass Fraction (%) | 0.19 | 0.21 | 48.23 | 38.61 | 3.67 | 5.57 |
Component | CaO | MgO | SO3 | ZrO2 | Cr2O3 | P2O5 |
Mass Fraction (%) | 1.23 | 0.26 | 1.44 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
No. | T (°C) | t (h) | NaOH (g) | H2O (mL) | No. | T (°C) | t (h) | NaOH (g) | H2O (mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | 50 | 3 | 4.5 | 5 | 14 | 90 | 7 | 6.0 | 55 |
02 | 50 | 5 | 5.0 | 60 | 15 | 90 | 9 | 6.5 | 60 |
03 | 50 | 7 | 5.5 | 65 | 16 | 110 | 5 | 4.5 | 70 |
04 | 50 | 9 | 6.0 | 70 | 17 | 110 | 7 | 5.0 | 75 |
05 | 50 | 11 | 6.5 | 75 | 18 | 110 | 9 | 5.5 | 55 |
06 | 70 | 7 | 4.5 | 60 | 19 | 110 | 11 | 6.0 | 60 |
07 | 70 | 9 | 5.0 | 65 | 20 | 110 | 3 | 6.5 | 65 |
08 | 70 | 11 | 5.5 | 70 | 21 | 130 | 9 | 4.5 | 75 |
09 | 70 | 3 | 6.0 | 75 | 22 | 130 | 11 | 5.0 | 55 |
10 | 70 | 5 | 6.5 | 55 | 23 | 130 | 3 | 5.5 | 60 |
11 | 90 | 11 | 4.5 | 65 | 24 | 130 | 5 | 6.0 | 65 |
12 | 90 | 3 | 5.0 | 70 | 25 | 130 | 7 | 6.5 | 70 |
13 | 90 | 5 | 5.5 | 75 |
No. | RC (%) | CEC (mg CaCO3·g−1) | No. | RC (%) | CEC (mg CaCO3·g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | 0.48 | 23.04 | 14 | 38.83 | 173.21 |
02 | 0.36 | 34.20 | 15 | 37.16 | 188.78 |
03 | 0.49 | 44.96 | 16 | 10.90 | 105.31 |
04 | 0.56 | 44.96 | 17 | 19.12 | 132.46 |
05 | 0.51 | 45.01 | 18 | 34.92 | 132.21 |
06 | 0.38 | 55.57 | 19 | 20.61 | 123.75 |
07 | 2.55 | 75.99 | 20 | 40.77 | 210.32 |
08 | 11.73 | 105.01 | 21 | 5.61 | 105.31 |
09 | 0.47 | 24.32 | 22 | 21.18 | 114.57 |
10 | 0.58 | 45.01 | 23 | 36.30 | 165.71 |
11 | 47.94 | 195.73 | 24 | 25.45 | 132.06 |
12 | 0.44 | 11.66 | 25 | 24.21 | 132.61 |
13 | 2.05 | 55.69 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cui, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, W. Synthesis of 4A Zeolite from Kaolinite-Type Pyrite Flotation Tailings (KPFT). Minerals 2018, 8, 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080338
Cui Y, Zheng Y, Wang W. Synthesis of 4A Zeolite from Kaolinite-Type Pyrite Flotation Tailings (KPFT). Minerals. 2018; 8(8):338. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080338
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Yating, Yu Zheng, and Weiqing Wang. 2018. "Synthesis of 4A Zeolite from Kaolinite-Type Pyrite Flotation Tailings (KPFT)" Minerals 8, no. 8: 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080338