Diversity in Ruby Geochemistry and Its Inclusions: Intra- and Inter- Continental Comparisons from Myanmar and Eastern Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Local and Geological Settings, Myanmar
1.3. Local and Geological Settings, East Australia
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Analytical Methods, Trace Element and Isotopic Dating Analysis
2.2.2. Trace Elements Analysis
2.2.3. U-Pb Isotopic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trace Element Variations
3.2. U-Pb Ages
3.3. Mineral Inclusion Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Mogok and Mong Hsu Ruby Ages
4.2. Myanmar and East Australian Ruby Trace Element Comparisons
4.3. Ruby Diversity and Geographic Typing
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Crystal No. Spot | Mg | Ti | V | Cr | Fe | Ga |
1.1 (478), rim | 116 | 171 | 112 | 4191 | 60 | 50 |
1.2 (479), core | 94 | 142 | 102 | 3841 | 65 | 48 |
2.1 (480), core | 50 | 200 | 243 | 2883 | 79 | 101 |
2.2 (481), rim | 49 | 329 | 250 | 2785 | 65 | 98 |
3.1 (482), rim | 45 | 63 | 310 | 2306 | 122 | 32 |
3.2 (483), core | 63 | 94 | 386 | 618 | 117 | 39 |
4.1 (484), rim | 27 | 38 | 281 | 2183 | 44 | 155 |
4.2 (485), core | 40 | 64 | 296 | 2340 | 49 | 152 |
5.1 (486), rim | 104 | 1241 | 401 | 2731 | 80 | 20 |
5.2 (487), core | 100 | 203 | 421 | 2917 | 91 | 22 |
6.1 (488), rim | 204 | 339 | 190 | 1073 | 483 | 125 |
6.2 (489), core | 189 | 283 | 185 | 1035 | 461 | 128 |
7.1 (490), rim | 63 | 96 | 145 | 4599 | 38 | 41 |
7.2 (491), core | 77 | 120 | 156 | 4406 | 35 | 43 |
8.1 (492), rim | 69 | 99 | 110 | 432 | 45 | 22 |
8.2 (493), core | 59 | 93 | 125 | 3505 | 24 | 20 |
9.1 (494), rim | 88 | 131 | 386 | 1909 | 353 | 170 |
9.2 (495), core | 35 | 53 | 110 | 902 | 225 | 119 |
Crystal No. Spot | Mg | Ti | V | Cr | Fe | Ga |
Sample set 1 | ||||||
1. rim1 (red) | 27 | 336 | 231 | 3454 | 13 | 75 |
1. core (blue grey) | 76 | 1168 | 254 | 4625 | 14 | 66 |
1. rim2 (red) | 62 | 487 | 238 | 3342 | 32 | 75 |
2. rim1 (red) | 35 | 654 | 628 | 2815 | 10 | 78 |
2. core (red) | 67 | 1397 | 649 | 4470 | <8 | 71 |
2. rim2 (red) | 34 | 580 | 595 | 2780 | 19 | 76 |
3. rim (violet) | 75 | 3201 | 73 | 1393 | 22 | 76 |
3. core (violet) | 42 | 2550 | 75 | 2780 | 17 | 80 |
4. rim1 (light red) | 55 | 1329 | 304 | 446 | 9 | 53 |
4. core (light red) | 95 | 2145 | 316 | 919 | <9 | 48 |
4. rim2 (light red) | 49 | 1137 | 352 | 429 | 15 | 52 |
Sample set 2a | ||||||
1. rim (red) | 37 | 383 | 187 | 4476 | 38 | 81 |
1. core (blue black) | 84 | 585 | 658 | 9698 | 54 | 94 |
2. rim (red) | 73 | 1285 | 301 | 5524 | 18 | 81 |
2. core (blue black) | 149 | 2633 | 348 | 6736 | 14 | 85 |
3. rim1 (red) | 147 | 1367 | 1012 | 7771 | 51 | 88 |
3. core (blue black) | 187 | 1358 | 398 | 8180 | 37 | 85 |
3. rim2 (red) | 42 | 616 | 270 | 2033 | 20 | 86 |
4. rim1 (red) | 131 | 2079 | 306 | 2705 | 37 | 78 |
4. core (blue black) | 58 | 889 | 349 | 2011 | 31 | 88 |
4. rim2 (red) | 29 | 324 | 317 | 1961 | 40 | 92 |
Sample set 2b | ||||||
1. rim1 (red), #18 | 29 | 42 | 320 | 16,388 | 31 | 88 |
1. core (blue black), #17 | 41 | 100 | 591 | 27,386 | 33 | 81 |
1. rim2 (red), #19 | 20 | 63 | 269 | 16,013 | 42 | 77 |
2. rim1 (red), #24 | 69 | 1050 | 352 | 2994 | 23 | 75 |
2. core (blue black), #23 | 226 | 2296 | 508 | 5871 | 44 | 85 |
2. rim2 (red), #25 | 146 | 1136 | 465 | 6919 | 34 | 75 |
3. rim1 (red), #27 | 47 | 794 | 240 | 959 | 11 | 92 |
3. core (blue black); #26 | 103 | 681 | 257 | 1194 | 17 | 103 |
3. rim2 (red), #28 | 47 | 77 | 368 | 3195 | 12 | 105 |
4. rim1 (light red), #30 | 24 | 189 | 183 | 4811 | 12 | 68 |
4. core (light red), #29 | 75 | 1136 | 228 | 3226 | 15 | 87 |
4. rim2 (light red), #31. | 104 | 1492 | 195 | 2607 | 34 | 78 |
References
- Themelis, T. Gems and Mines of Mogok; A & T Publishing: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2008; p. 356. [Google Scholar]
- Hughes, R.W. Ruby & Sapphire—A Collector’s Guide; Gem & Jewelry Institute of Thailand: Bangkok, Thailand, 2014; p. 384. [Google Scholar]
- Giuliani, G.; Ohnenstetter, D.; Fallick, A.E.; Groat, L.; Fagan, A.J. The geology and genesis of gem corundum Deposits. In Geology of Gem Deposits, 2nd ed.; Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course: Quebec, QC, Canada, 2014; Volume 44, pp. 23–78. [Google Scholar]
- Sutherland, L.; Graham, I.; Harris, S.; Zaw, K.; Meffre, S.; Coldham, T.; Coenraads, R.; Sutherland, G. Rubis australasiens. Rev. Assoc. Fr. Gemmol. 2016, 197, 13–20. [Google Scholar]
- Yakymchuk, C.; Szilas, K. Corundum formation by metasomatic reactions in Archean metapelite, SW Greenland: Exploration vectors for ruby deposits within high-grade greenstone belts. Geosci. Front. 2018, 9, 727–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saul, J.M.A. A Geologist Speculates; Les 3 Colonnes: Paris, France, 2014; p. 159. [Google Scholar]
- Giuliani, G.; Fallick, A.; Rakatondrazafy, M.; Ohnenstetter, D.; Andriamamonjy, A.; Ralantarison, T.H.; Offant, Y.; Garnier, V.; Dunbigre, C.H.; Schwarz, D.; et al. Oxygen isotope systematics of gem corundum deposits in Madagascar. Miner. Depos. 2007, 42, 251–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuliani, G.; Fallick, A.E.; Ohnenstetter, D.; Pegre, G. Oxygen isotope composition of sapphire from the French Massif Central: Implications for the origin of gem corundum in basalt fields. Miner. Depos. 2009, 44, 221–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Zaw, K.; Meffre, S.; Giuliani, G.; Fallick, A.E.; Graham, I.T.; Webb, G.B. Gem corundum megacrysts from East Australia basalt fields: Trace elements, O isotopes and origins. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2009, 56, 1003–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaw, K.; Sutherland, L.; Dellapasqua, F.; Ryan, C.G.; Yui, T.-Z.; Mernagh, T.P.; Duncan, D. Contrasts in gem corundum characteristics, eastern Australian basaltic fields: Trace elements, fluid/melt inclusions and oxygen isotopes. Mineral. Mag. 2006, 70, 669–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaw, K.; Sutherland, L.; Yui, T.-F.; Meffre, S.; Thu, K. Vanadium-rich ruby and sapphire within Mogok Gemfield, Myanmar: Implications for gem color and genesis. Miner. Depos. 2014, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muhleimster, S.; Fritsch, E.; Shigley, J.E.; Devourd, B.; Laurs, B.M. Seperating natural and synthetic rubies on the basis of trace-element geochemistry. Gems Gemol. 1998, 34, 80–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, L.; Zaw, K.; Meffre, S.; Yui, T.-F.; Thu, K. Advances in trace element “Fingerprinting” of gem corundum, ruby and sapphire, Mogok Area, Myanmar. Minerals 2015, 5, 61–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Abduriyim, A. geographic typing of gem corundum: A test case from Australia. J. Gemmol. 2009, 31, 203–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuliani, G.; Ohnenstetter, D.; Fallick, A.E.; Feneyrol, J. Les Isotopes de l’oxygèn, un tracer des origins géologique et/ou géographique de gemmes. Rev. Assoc. Fr. Gemmol. 2012, 179, 11–16. [Google Scholar]
- Giuliani, G.; Ohnenstetter, D.; Fallick, A.E.; Groat, L.A. Geographic origin of gems tied to their geologic history. InColor 2012, 19, 16–27. [Google Scholar]
- Saul, J.M. A Geologist Speculates, 2nd ed.; Les 3 Colonnes: Paris, France, 2014; p. 160. [Google Scholar]
- Link, K. Age determination of zircon inclusions in faceted sapphires. J. Gemmol. 2015, 34, 692–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sorokina, E.S.; Rösel, D.; Häger, T.; Mertz-Kraus, R. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of rutile inclusions within corundum (ruby and sapphire): New constraints on the Mozambique Belt. Miner. Depos. 2017, 52, 641–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gübelin, E.J.; Koivula, J.I. Photoatlas of Inclusions in Gemstones; Opinio Verlag: Basel, Switzerland, 2008; Volume 3, p. 672. [Google Scholar]
- Hughes, R.W. Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologists Guide; RWH Publishing: Bangkok, Thailand, 2017; p. 816. [Google Scholar]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Zaw, K.; Meffre, S.; Thompson, J.; Goemann, K.; Thu, K.; Nu, T.T.; Zin, M.M.; Harris, S. Diversity in ruby geochemistry and its inclusions, intra- and -inter comparisons from Myanmar and Eastern Australia. Abstract IMA2018-1068. In Proceedings of the International Mineralogical Association Conference (IMA), Melbourne, Australia, 13–17 August 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Sutherland, L.; Graham, I.; Yaxley, G.; Armstrong, R.; Giuliani, G.; Hoskin, P.; Nechaev, V.; Woodhead, J. Major zircon suites of the Indo-Pacific lithosphere margin: “Zircon Zip” and its petrogenetic implications. Mineral. Petrol. 2016, 110, 399–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piilonen, P.C.; Sutherland, F.L.; Danišik, M.; Porier, G.; Valley, J.W.; Rowe, R. Zircon xenocrysts from Cenozoic alkaline basalts of the Ratanakiri Volcanic Province (Cambodia), South east Asia—Trace element geochemistry, O–Hf isotopic composition, U–Pb and U (U–Th)/He geochronology—Revelations into the underlying lithospheric mantle. Minerals 2018, 8, 566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thu, K. The Igneous Rocks of the Mogok Stone Tract: Their Distribution, Petrography, Petrochemistry, Sequence, Geochronology and Economic Geology. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Thu, K.; Zaw, K. Gem deposits of Myanmar. In Myanmar: Geology, Resources and Tectonics; Chapter 23; Barber, A.J., Zaw, K., Crow, M.J., Eds.; Geological Society London Memoirs: London, UK, 2017; Volume 48, pp. 497–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barley, M.E.; Pickard, A.L.; Zaw, K.; Rak, P.; Doyle, M.G. Jurassic to Miocene magmatism and metamorphism in the Mogok metamorphic belt and the India-Eurasia collision in Myanmar. Tectonics 2003, 22, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, A.H.G.; Htay, M.T.; Htun, K.M.; Win, M.N.; Oo, T.; Hlaing, T. Rock relationships in the Mogok metamorphic belt, Tatkon to Mandalay, central Myanmar. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2007, 29, 891–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, A.H.G.; Chung, S.L.; Oo, T.; Lin, T.H.; Hung, C.H. Zircon U–Pb ages in Myanmar: Magmatic–metamorphic events and the closure of a neo-Tethys ocean? J. Asian Earth Sci. 2012, 56, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Searle, M.P.; Noble, S.R.; Cottle, J.M.; Waters, D.J.; Mitchell, A.H.G.; Hlaing, T.; Horstwood, M.S.A. Tectonic evolution of the Mogok Metamorphic Belt of Burma (Myanmar) constrained by U–Th–Pb dating of metamorphic and magmatic rocks. Tectonics 2007, 26, TC3014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Searle, M.P.; Morley, C.K.; Waters, D.J.; Gardiner, N.J.; Htun, U.K.; Nu, T.T.; Robb, L.J. Tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the Mogok Metamorphic and Jade Mines belts and ophiolitic terranes of Burma (Myanmar). In Myanmar: Geology, Resources and Tectonics; Chapter 12; Barber, A.J., Zaw, K., Crow, M.J., Eds.; Geological Society London Memoirs: London, UK, 2017; Volume 48, pp. 261–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaw, K. Overview of mineralization styles and tectonic-metallogenic setting in Myanmar. In Myanmar: Geology, Resources and Tectonics; Chapter 24; Barber, A.J., Zaw, K., Crow, M.J., Eds.; Geological Society London Memoirs: London, UK, 2017; Volume 48, pp. 531–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garnier, V.; Maluski, H.; Giuliani, G.; Ohnenstetter, D.; Schwarz, D. Ar–Ar and U–Pb ages of marble-hosted ruby deposits from central and southeast Asia. Can. J. Earth Sci. 2006, 43, 509–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garnier, V.; Giuliani, G.; Ohnenstetter, D.; Fallick, A.E.; Dubessy, J.; Banks, D.; Vinh, H.Q.; Lhomme, T.; Maluski, H.; Pêcher, A.; et al. Marble-hosted ruby deposits from Central and Southeast Asia: Towards a new genetic model. Ore Geol. Rev. 2008, 34, 169–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaw, K. Geological evolution of selected granitic pegmatites in Myanmar (Burma): Constraints from regional setting, lithology, and fluid-inclusion studies. Int. Geol. Rev. 1998, 40, 647–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nu, T.T. A Comparative Study of the Origin of Ruby and Sapphire in the Mogok, Pyinlon and Mong Hsu Areas. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Peretti, A.; Mullis, J.; Mouawad, F. The role of fluorine in the formation of color zoning in rubies from Mong Hsu, Myanmar (Burma). J. Gemmol. 1996, 25, 3–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graham, I.; Sutherland, L.; Zaw, K.; Nechaev, V.; Khanchuk, A. Advances in our understanding of the gem corundum deposits of the west Pacific continental margin. Ore Geol. Rev. 2008, 34, 200–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glen, R.A. Refining accretionary orogeny models for the Tasmanides of eastern Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2013, 60, 315–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, D.L.; Sutherland, F.L.; Hollis, J.B.; Kennewell, P.; Graham, I. Gemstone characteristics, North-East Barrington Plateau, NSW. J. Proc. R. Soc. NSW 2004, 137, 99–122. [Google Scholar]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Fanning, C.M. Gem-bearing basaltic volcanism, Barrington, New South Wales: Cenozoic evolution based on basalt K–Ar ages and zircon fission track and U–Pb isotope dating. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2001, 48, 221–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Coenraads, R.R. An unusual ruby-sapphirine-spinel assemblage from Barrington volcanic province, New South Wales, Australia. Mineral. Mag. 1996, 60, 623–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Owen, J.V.; Greenough, J.D. An empirical sapphirine-spinel exchange thermometer and its application to high grade xenoliths in the Pope Harbour dyke, Nova Scotia, Canada. Lithos 1991, 317–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waltenberg, K.; Blevin, P.L.; Bodarkos, S.; Cronin, D.E. New SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages from the New England Orogen, New South Wales. Geological Survey NSW Reports GS 2015/1124; Geological Survey of New South Wales: Sydney, Austraila, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Eggins, S.; Henson, B.J. Evolution of mantle-derived augite-hypersthene granodiorite by crystal-liquid fractionation: Barrington Tops Batholith, Eastern Australia. Lithos 1987, 20, 295–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aitchison, J.C.; Ireland, T.R. Age profile of ophiolitic rocks across the Late Palaeozoic New England Orogen, New South Wales: Implications for tectonic models. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 1995, 42, 11–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Coenraads, R.R.; Schwarz, D.; Raynor, L.R.; Barron, B.J.; Webb, B.G. Al-rich diopside in alluvial ruby and corundum-bearing xenoliths, Australian and SE Asian fields. Mineral. Mag. 2003, 67, 717–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Graham, I.T.; Harris, S.J.; Coldham, T.; Powell, W.; Belousova, E.A.; Martin, L. Unusual ruby-sapphire transition in alluvial megacrysts, Cenozoic basaltic gem field, New England, New South Wales, Australia. Lithos 2017, 278–279, 347–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, J.; Peate, D.; Waight, T.; Meyzen, C. Pb isotopic analysis of standards and samples using a 207Pb-204Pb double spike and Thallium to correct for mass bias with a double-focusing MC-ICP-MS. Chem. Geol. 2004, 211, 275–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thompson, J.M.; Meffre, S.; Danyushevesky, L. Impact of air, laser pulse width and fluence on U–Pb dating of zircons by LA-ICPMS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2018, 33, 221–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Black, L.P.; Kamo, S.L.; Allen, C.M.; Aleinikff, J.N.; Davis, D.W.; Korsch, R.J.; Foudoulis, C. TEMORA 1: A new zircon standard for Phanerozoic U–Pb geochronology. Chem. Geol. 2004, 200, 155–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sláma, J.; Košler, J.; Condon, D.J.; Crowley, J.L.; Gerdes, A.; Hanchar, J.M.; Horstwood, M.S.A.; Morris, G.A.; Nasdala, L.; Norberg, N.; et al. Plešovice zircon—A new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chem. Geol. 2008, 249, 1–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paces, J.B.; Miller, J.D. Precise U–Pb ages of the Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions, northeastern Minnesota: Geochronological insights to physical, petrogenetic, paleomagnetic, and tectomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift System. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98, 13997–14013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dazé, A.; Lee, J.K.W.; Villeneuve, M. An intercalibration study of the Fish Canyon sanidine and biotite 40Ar/39Ar standards and some comments on the age of the Fish Canyon Tuff. Chem. Geol. 2003, 199, 111–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Best, F.C. The Petrogenesis and Ni-Cu-PGE Potential of the Dido Batholith, North Queensland, Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Ludwig, K.R. A User’s Manual for Isoplot 3.6: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel 9 revision of April 8, 2008); Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication No.4; Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2008; p. 77. [Google Scholar]
- Stacey, J.S.; Kramers, J.D. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1975, 26, 207–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horstwood, M.S.A.; Košler, J.; Gehrels, J.; Jackson, S.E.; Mclean, N.M.; Paton, C.; Pearson, N.J.; Sircombe, K.; Sylvester, P.; Vermeesch, P.; et al. Community Derived standards for LA-ICP-MS U- (Th-) Pb Geochronology—Uncertainty propagation, Age Interpretation and Data Reporting. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 2016, 40, 311–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harlow, G.E.; Bender, W. A study of ruby (corundum) compositions from the Mogok, Myanmar: Searching for chemical fingerprinting. Am. Mineral. 2013, 98, 1120–2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone-Sundeberg, J.; Thomas, T.; Sun, Z.; Guan, Y.; Cole, Z.; Equall, R.; Emmett, J.L. Accurate reporting of key trace elements in ruby and sapphire using matrix-matched standards. Gems Gemol. 2017, 53, 438–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gardiner, N.J.; Robb, L.J.; Morely, C.K.; Searle, M.P.; Cawood, P.A.; Whitehouse, M.J.; Kirkland, C.L.; Roberts, N.M.W.; Myint, T.A. The tectonic and metallogenic framework of Myanmar: A Tethyan mineral system. Ore Geol. Rev. 2016, 79, 26–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mitchell, A. Geological Belts, Plate Boundaries and Mineral Deposits in Myanmar, Chapter 7, Mogok Metamorphic Belt; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 201–247. ISBN 978-0-12-803382-1. [Google Scholar]
- Nissimboim, A.; Harlow, G.E. A study of ruby on painite from the Mogok Stone Tract. Research Track, Gem Localities and Formation. Gems Gemol. 2011, 47, 140–144. [Google Scholar]
- Link, K. New age data for blue sapphire from Mogok, Myanmar. J. Gemmol. 2016, 35, 107–109. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Q.; Zu, E. Mineral properties of ruby deposit in Mongshu Myanmar. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Material Engineering and Environmental Science, Changsha, China, 28–29 November 2015; Xu, Q., Ed.; World Scientific Publishing Co.: Singapore, 2016; ISBN 978-1-60595-323-6. [Google Scholar]
- Mittermayr, F.; Konzett, J.; Hauzenberger, C.; Kaindl, R.; Schmiderer, A. Trace element distribution, solid-and fluid inclusions in untreated Mong Hsu rubies. In European Geosciences Union General Assembly; EGU 2008-A-10706, 2008 S/Ref-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-10706, and poster pdf; Geophysical Research Abstracts 10: Vienna, Austria, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Peucat, J.J.; Ruffault, P.; Fritsch, E.; Bouhnik-Le Coz, M.; Simonet, C.; Lasnier, B. Ga/Mg ratio as a new geochemical tool to differentiate magmatic from metamorphic blue sapphires. Lithos 2007, 98, 261–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uher, P.; Giuliani, G.; Szakáll, S.; Fallick, A.; Strunga, V.; Vaculovič, T.; Ondine, D.; Gregáñova, M. Sapphires related to alkali basalts from the Corová Highlands, Western Carpathians (southern Slovakia): Composition and origin. Geol. Carpath. 2012, 63, 71–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuliani, G.; Pivin, M.; Fallick, A.E.; Ohnenstetter, D.; Song, Y.; Demaiffe, D. Geochemical and oxygen isotope signature of mantle corundum megacrysts from Mbuji-Mayi kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo. C. R. Geosci. 2015, 347, 24–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, S.J.; Graham, I.T.; Lay, A.; Powell, W.; Belousova, E.; Zappetini, E. Trace element geochemistry and metasomatic origin of alluvial sapphires from the Orosmayo region, Jujuy Province, Northwest Argentina. Can. Mineral. 2017, 55, 595–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palke, A.C.; Wong, J.; Verdel, C.; Ávila, J.N. A common origin for Thai/Cambodian rubies and blue and violet sapphires from Yogo Mountain Gulch, Montana, USA. Am. Mineral. 2018, 103, 469–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Duroc-Danner, J.M.; Meffre, S. Age and origin of gem corundum and zircon megacrysts from Mercardese-Rio Mayo area, South West Colombia, South America. Ore Geol. Rev. 2008, 34, 155–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuliani, G.; Debussey, J.; Banks, D.A.; Lhomme, T.; Ohnennstetter, D. Fluid inclusions from Asian marble deposits, genetic implications. Eur. J. Mineral. 2015, 27, 393–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sansawong, S.; Vertriest, W.; Saeseaw, S.; Pardieu, V. A Study of Rubies from Cambodia and Thailand. GIA News from Research. Gems Geol. 2017. Available online: http://www.gia.edu (accessed on 28 March 2018).
- Vysotskiy, S.V.; Velivetskya, T.A.; Sutherland, F.L.; Agoshkov, A.I. Oxygen isotope composition as an indicator of ruby and sapphire origin: A review of Russian occurrences. Ore Geol. Rev. 2015, 68, 164–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuelen, N.; Poulsen, M.B.; Salimi, R. Report on the Activities of the Ruby Project; Danmarks og Greenlands Geologishe Undersolgelse Rapport; GEUS: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016; p. 20. [Google Scholar]
- Maneerafanasam, P.; Wathanakul, P.; Kim, Y.C.; Choi, H.M.; Choi, B.G.; Shim, K.B. Characterization of dark core and blue patch in Mong Hsu ruby. J. Korean Cryst. Growth Cryst. Technol. 2011, 21, 55–59. [Google Scholar] [Green Version]
- Yui, T.-F.; Zaw, K.; Wu, C.-M. A preliminary stable isotope study on Mogok ruby, Myanmar. Ore Geol. Rev. 2008, 34, 192–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, F.L.; Giuliani, G.; Fallick, A.E.; Garland, M.; Webb, G.B. Sapphire-ruby characteristics, West Pailin, Cambodia. Aust. Gemmol. 2008, 23, 329–368. [Google Scholar]
- Sorokina, E.S. Morphological and chemical evolution of corundum (ruby and sapphire): Crystal ontogeny reconstructed by EMPA, LA-ICP-MS and Cr3+ Raman mapping. Am. Mineral. 2016, 101, 2716–2722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Leon, S.W.D. Jewels of Responsibility from Mines to Markets; Comparative Case Analysis in Burma, Madagascar and Colombia. Master’s Thesis, University of Vermont, Burlington, MA, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Rossman, G.R. The geochemistry of gems and its relevance to gemology. Elements 2009, 5, 159–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, C.; Fagan, A.J.; Clark, B. Ruby and pink sapphire from Appaluttoq, Greenland. J. Gemmol. 2016, 35, 294–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Krezemnicki, M.S.; Chalain, J.-P.; Lefevre, P.; Zhou, W.; Cartier, L.A. Simultaneous high sensitivity trace-element and isotopic analysis of gemstones using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma, time of flight mass spectrometry. J. Gemmol. 2016, 55, 212–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pornwilard, M.-M.; Hansawek, R.; Shiowatana, J.; Siripinyanod, A. Geographic origin classification of gem corundum using elemental fingerprint analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 306, 57–62. [Google Scholar]
- Kochelek, K.A.; McMillan, N.J.; McManus, C.F.; Daniel, D.E. Provenance determination of sapphires and rubies using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Am. Mineral. 2015, 100, 1921–1931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Emori, K.; Kitawaki, H. Geographic origin of determination of ruby and blue sapphire based on LA-ICP-MS and 3D-plots. In Proceedings of the 34th International Gemmological Conference Program, Vilnius, Lithuania, 26–28 August 2015; pp. 48–50. [Google Scholar]
- Wong, J.; Verdel, C. Tectonic environments of sapphire and ruby revealed by a global oxygen isotope compilation. Int. Geol. Rev. 2018, 60, 188–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample | Mg | Ti | V | Cr | Fe | Ga |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thurein Taung | ||||||
Rims, range | 27–204 | 38–1241 | 110–401 | 432–4599 | 38–483 | 20–170 |
n = 9, average | 85 | 254 | 243 | 2468 | 143 | 79 |
Cores, range | 35–189 | 53–283 | 102–421 | 618–4406 | 24–461 | 20–152 |
n = 9, average | 78 | 139 | 225 | 2494 | 127 | 75 |
Mong Hsu 1 | ||||||
Rims, range | 27–75 | 336–3201 | 73–628 | 429–3545 | 10–32 | 48–78 |
n = 7, average | 48 | 1410 | 391 | 2026 | 14 | 69 |
Cores, range | 42–95 | 1168–2550 | 75–649 | 919–4625 | <8–17 | 48–80 |
n = 4, average | 70 | 1815 | 324 | 3199 | <9 | 66 |
Mong Hsu 2 | ||||||
Rims, range | 20–147 | 42–1492 | 183–1012 | 959–16,388 | 11–51 | 68–105 |
n = 14, average | 68 | 778 | 342 | 5600 | 29 | 83 |
Cores, range | 41–226 | 100–2633 | 228–658 | 1194–27,386 | 15–54 | 81–103 |
n = 8, average | 115 | 1210 | 417 | 7015 | 26 | 89 |
Titanite (Composite Inclusion) 1 Ca4.00 (Ti3.35, Al0.68)4.03 Si4 (O19.72, F0.55)20.27. | ||||||
Element (σ) | O (0.4) | Si (0.1) | Al (0.1) | Ca (0.1) | Ti (0.1) | F (0.1) |
Av., n = 3 | 41.7 | 14.2 | 2.3 | 20.3 | 20.3 | 1.3 |
Nepheline (composite inclusion) 2 (Na0.69, K0. 07, Ca0.08)0.91 (Si1.1 Al0.9)2.0 O4. | ||||||
Element (σ) | O (0.2) | Si (0.1) | Al (0.1) | Ca (< 0.1) | Na (0.1) | K (< 0.1) |
Av., n = 3 | 45.3 | 20.9 | 17.9 | 2.2 | 11.2 | 1.8 |
Zircon 1 (xenocryst) 3 (Zr1.06, Hf0.01)1.07 Si01.05 O4. | ||||||
Element (σ) | O (0.2) | Si (0.1) | Al (0.0) | Zr (0.3) | Hf (0.2) | |
Av., n = 1 | 32.4 | 14.9 | bdl | 48.8 | 1.2 | |
Zircon 2 (xenocryst) 4 (Zr1.00, Hf0.01)1.01 Si0.99 O4. | ||||||
Element (σ) | O (0.1) | Si (0.1) | Al (0.0) | Zr (0.3) | Hf (0.2) | |
Av., n = 1 | 31.4 | 14.9 | bdl | 48.1 | 1.2 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sutherland, F.L.; Zaw, K.; Meffre, S.; Thompson, J.; Goemann, K.; Thu, K.; Nu, T.T.; Zin, M.M.; Harris, S.J. Diversity in Ruby Geochemistry and Its Inclusions: Intra- and Inter- Continental Comparisons from Myanmar and Eastern Australia. Minerals 2019, 9, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010028
Sutherland FL, Zaw K, Meffre S, Thompson J, Goemann K, Thu K, Nu TT, Zin MM, Harris SJ. Diversity in Ruby Geochemistry and Its Inclusions: Intra- and Inter- Continental Comparisons from Myanmar and Eastern Australia. Minerals. 2019; 9(1):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010028
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutherland, Frederick L., Khin Zaw, Sebastien Meffre, Jay Thompson, Karsten Goemann, Kyaw Thu, Than Than Nu, Mazlinfalina Mohd Zin, and Stephen J. Harris. 2019. "Diversity in Ruby Geochemistry and Its Inclusions: Intra- and Inter- Continental Comparisons from Myanmar and Eastern Australia" Minerals 9, no. 1: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010028