Sulfides in Metamorphic Rocks of the Fore Range Zone (Greater Caucasus). A New Type of Mineral Container for Peak Metamorphism Mineral Assemblages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Methods
3.2. Petrography
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Sulfides
4.2. P–T Estimates
4.3. Low-Grade Metamorphism
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- England, P.C.; Thompson, A.B. Pressure–temperature–time paths of regional metamorphism I. Heat transfer during the evolution of regions of thickened continental crust. J. Petrol. 1984, 25, 894–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chopin, C.; Ferraris, G. Mineral Chemistry and Mineral Reactions in UHPM Rocks. In EMU Notes in Mineralogy; EMU: Jena, Germany, 2003; pp. 191–227. [Google Scholar]
- Godard, G. Eclogites and their geodynamic interpretation: A history. J. Geodyn. 2001, 32, 165–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerya, T.; Stöckhert, B.; Perchuk, A.L. Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in a subduction channel: A numerical simulation. Tectonics 2002, 21, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smye, A.J.; Greenwood, L.V.; Holland, T.J.B. Garnet–chloritoid–kyanite assemblages: Eclogite facies indicators of subduction constraints in orogenic belts. J. Metamorph. Geol. 2010, 28, 753–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Somin, M.L. Pre-Jurassic basement of the Greater Caucasus: Brief overview. Turk. J. Earth Sci. 2011, 20, 545–610. [Google Scholar]
- Van der Straaten, F.; Schenk, V.; John, T.; Gao, J. Blueschist-facies rehydration of eclogites (Tianshan, NW-China): Implications for fluid-rock interaction in the subduction channel. Chem. Geol. 2008, 255, 195–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.L.; Klemd, R.; Gao, J.; Jiang, T.; Song, Y.H. A common high-pressure metamorphic evolution of interlayered eclogites and metasediments from the ‘ultrahigh-pressure unit’ of the Tianshan metamorphic belt in China. Lithos 2015, 226, 169–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klemd, R.; John, T.; Scherer, E.E.; Rondenay, S.; Gao, J. Changes in dip of subducted slabs at depth: petrological and geochronological evidence from HP-UHP rocks (Tianshan, NW-China). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 310, 9–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klemd, R.; Gao, J.; Li, J.L.; Meyer, M. Metamorphic evolution of (ultra)-high-pressure subduction-related transient crust in the South Tianshan Orogen (Central Asian Orogenic Belt): Geodynamic implications. Gondwana Res. 2015, 28, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gamkrelidze, I.; Shengelia, D.M. Precambrian-Paleozoic Regional Metamorphism. In Granitoid Magmatism and Geodynamics of the Caucasus; Scientific World: Moscow, Russia, 2005; p. 460. [Google Scholar]
- Adamia, S.; Zakariadze, G.; Chkhotua, T.; Sadradze, N.; Tsereteli, N.; Chabukiani, A.; Gventsadze, A. Geology of the Caucasus: A Review. Turk. J. Earth Sci. 2011, 20, 489–544. [Google Scholar]
- Kamzolkin, V.A.; Latyshev, A.V.; Vidyapin, Y.P.; Somin, M.L.; Smul’skaya, A.I.; Ivanov, S.D. Late Vendian complexes in the structure of metamorphic basement of the Fore Range zone, Greater Caucasus. Geotectonics 2018, 52, 331–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulakova, E.P.; Kamzolkin, V.A.; Latyshev, A.V.; Vidjapin, Y.u.P.; Somin, M.L.; Ivanov, S.D. New data on the structure and age of the crystalline basement of the Fore Range of the Greater Caucasus. In Proceedings of the Geophysical Research Abstract, EGU General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7–12 April 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Leonov, Y.G. Greater Caucasus in the Alpine Epoch; GEOS: Moscow, Russia, 2007; p. 368. [Google Scholar]
- Lavrischev, V.A.; Prutskiy, N.I.; Semenov, V.M. State Geological Map of the Russian Federation, Scale 1:200 000, Sheet K-37-V (Krasnaya Poliana), Explanatory Note; VSEGEI: St.-Petersburg, Russia, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Somin, M.L. Geological Characteristics of the Fore Range and Main Range Zones, Great Caucasus. In Petrology of Metamorphic Complexes of the Great Caucasus; Nauka press: Moscow, Russia, 1991; pp. 18–45. [Google Scholar]
- Afanas’ev, G.D.; Ploshko, V.V.; Shport, N.P. Eclogite of the Fore Range Zone of the Greater Caucasus. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1969, 187, 1379–1382. [Google Scholar]
- Tatrishvili, N.F. About a finding of eclogites in the Greater Caucasus. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1970, 190, 944–946. [Google Scholar]
- Ploshko, V.V.; Shport, N.P.; Knyazeva, D.N. New findings of eclogites in the Caucasus. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1977, 236, 1196–1198. [Google Scholar]
- Ploshko, V.V.; Shport, H.G. Eclogite formation in the Great Caucasus. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1974, 12, 60–71. [Google Scholar]
- Perchuk, A.L. Metamorphism of the kyanite eclogite of the Red Cliff locality, Fore Range of the Greater Caucasus. Petrology 1993, 1, 98–109. [Google Scholar]
- Perchuk, A.L.; Philippot, P. Rapid cooling and exhumation of eclogitic rocks from the Great Caucasus, Russia. J. Metamorph. Geol. 1997, 15, 299–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perchuk, A.L. Petrology and Mineral Chronometry of the Crust Eclogites. Ph.D. Thesis, IGEM RAS, Moscow, Russia, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Whitney, D.L.; Evans, B.W. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. Am. Mineral. 2010, 95, 185–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.L.; Gao, J.; Klemd, R.; John, T.; Wang, X.S. Redox processes in subducting oceanic crust recorded by sulfide-bearing high-pressure rocks and veins (SW Tianshan, China). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2016, 171, 72–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morimoto, N.; Fabries, J.; Ferguson, A.K.; Ginzburg, I.V.; Ross, M.; Seifert, F.A.; Zussman, J.; Aoki, K.; Gottardi, G. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Am. Mineral. 1988, 73, 1123–1133. [Google Scholar]
- Simpson, G.D.H.; Thompson, A.B.; Connolly, J.A.D. Phase relations, singularities and thermobarometry of metamorphic assemblages containing phengite, chlorite, biotite, K-feldspar, quartz and H2O. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2000, 139, 555–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drits, V.A.; Kossovskaya, A.G. Clay Minerals: Mica, Chlorites; Nauka press: Moscow, Russia, 1991; p. 176. [Google Scholar]
- Kamzolkin, V.A.; Ivanov, S.D.; Konilov, A.N. Empirical phengite geobarometer: background, calibration, and application. Geol. Ore Depos. 2016, 58, 613–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample | Lithology | Coordinates | Mineral Assemblage |
---|---|---|---|
kz 9-3a | Epidote gneiss | N 43.88461° E 40.73036° | Pl + Ms + Ep + Qtz + Py + Chl + Rt |
117-2 | Epidote gneiss | N 43.88433° E 40.73408° | Pl + Ep + Ms + Chl + Py +Qtz |
123-1 | Epidote gneiss | N 43.88861° E 40.74458° | Pl + Ms + Ep + Py + Chl + Cal |
kz 155-3 | Epidote−amphibole gneiss | N 43.87614° E 40.70458° | Pl + Amp + Ep + Ms + Chl + Bt + Py + Rt + Qtz + Cal |
kz 3 | Garnet−epidote−amphibole gneiss | N 43.94592° E 40.59233° | Pl + Ms + Amp + Grt + Ep + Qtz + Py + Chl + Rt |
18-8a | Garnet−epidote−amphibole gneiss | N 43.86403° E 40.63769° | Pl + Ms + Qtz + Amp + Grt + Chl + Py + Rt + Ep |
18-14e2 | Epidote amphibolite | N 43.85811° E 40.63567° | Pl + Amp + Ep + Bt + Ms + Chl + Py + Qtz |
18-4a | Garnet−epidote amphibolite | N 43.86308° E 40.64050° | Amp + Qtz + Ep + Grt + Ms + Chl + Mag + Rt + Py |
kz 156 | Garnet−muscovite blastomylonite | N 43.87231° E 40.70889° | Grt + Ms + Pl + Ep + Amp + Chl + Py + Ccp + Rt |
Sample | 117-2 | Kz3 | 18-8a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inclusion | Ph 10 | Ph 1 | Pg 1 | Ph 11 | Ph 7 | Ph 8 | Ph 12 |
Host-Mineral | Py | Fe-hyd | Py | Py | Py | Fe-hyd | Fe-hyd |
SiO2 | 46.88 | 46.55 | 45.28 | 48.09 | 45.99 | 46.33 | 46.6 |
TiO2 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.83 | 0.18 | 0.54 |
Al2O3 | 29.31 | 28.05 | 39.47 | 26.84 | 26.96 | 26.39 | 25.59 |
Cr2O3 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
FeO | 5.44 | 4.71 | 1.72 | 3.16 | 3.16 | 4.50 | 4.28 |
MnO | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.27 |
MgO | 3.53 | 1.57 | 0.05 | 2.78 | 2.64 | 2.53 | 3.05 |
CaO | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.18 |
Na2O | 0.77 | 1.16 | 6.65 | 0.82 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.08 |
K2O | 9.81 | 9.98 | 0.78 | 9.41 | 8.67 | 9.40 | 9.57 |
BaO | 0.87 | 0.52 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 1.21 | 0.78 | 0.28 |
Total | 97.37 | 94.24 | 95.20 | 92.18 | 90.78 | 91.13 | 91.44 |
Si | 3.148 | 3.185 | 2.926 | 3.348 | 3.269 | 3.260 | 3.264 |
Al IV | 0.852 | 0.815 | 1.074 | 0.652 | 0.731 | 0.740 | 0.736 |
Al VI | 1.468 | 1.447 | 1.932 | 1.550 | 1.527 | 1.449 | 1.376 |
Ti | 0.028 | 0.038 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.044 | 0.010 | 0.029 |
Cr | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Fe3+ | – | 0.270 | – | – | – | 0.265 | 0.260 |
Fe2+ | 0.306 | 0.000 | 0.093 | 0.184 | 0.188 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Mn | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 |
Mg | 0.353 | 0.160 | 0.005 | 0.289 | 0.280 | 0.266 | 0.318 |
Ca | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.014 |
Na | 0.100 | 0.154 | 0.833 | 0.111 | 0.165 | 0.136 | 0.146 |
K | 0.840 | 0.871 | 0.064 | 0.836 | 0.786 | 0.844 | 0.855 |
Ba | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 0.022 | 0.008 |
Total | 7.134 | 7.010 | 7.000 | 7.010 | 7.031 | 6.993 | 7.022 |
O | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
XMg | 0.536 | – | 0.026 | 0.611 | 0.598 | – | – |
Sample | 18-8a | 18-4a | Kz 155-3 | 117-2 | 18-8a | 18-14e2 | Kz 156 | 123-1 | Kz 9-3a | 117-2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inclusion | Grt 10 | Ep 6 | Amp 19 | Amp 11 | Omp 14 | Omp 6 | Omp 1 | Omp 3 | Omp 8 | Omp 13 | Omp 14 | Aeg-Aug 3 | Aeg-Aug 20 | Aeg-Aug 22 |
Host-Mineral | Py | Fe-hyd | Py | Fe-hyd | Py | Fe-hyd | Ccp | Py | Py | Py | Py | Fe-hyd | Fe-hyd | Fe-hyd |
SiO2 | 38.02 | 36.32 | 50.37 | 43.57 | 54.32 | 52.16 | 55.00 | 53.68 | 57.13 | 54.24 | 52.32 | 53.78 | 50.32 | 49.86 |
TiO2 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 1.29 | 0.59 |
Al2O3 | 21.28 | 27.27 | 11.74 | 9.29 | 11.20 | 7.54 | 12.58 | 8.58 | 10.86 | 10.44 | 9.46 | 9.96 | 12.09 | 12.31 |
Cr2O3 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
FeO * | 29.21 | 5.71 | 12.33 | 23.26 | 7.76 | 7.88 | 7.07 | 12.83 | 10.64 | 9.18 | 9.50 | 9.82 | 13.87 | 16.58 |
MnO | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.48 |
MgO | 4.26 | 0.17 | 11.79 | 7.93 | 5.90 | 8.38 | 5.46 | 4.60 | 5.66 | 5.47 | 5.74 | 6.86 | 5.38 | 4.94 |
CaO | 8.56 | 22.74 | 4.91 | 9.73 | 10.06 | 15.07 | 9.34 | 7.33 | 8.65 | 9.97 | 9.93 | 10.65 | 7.51 | 6.19 |
Na2O | 0.08 | 0.07 | 5.67 | 2.09 | 7.90 | 4.98 | 9.00 | 8.84 | 9.76 | 8.42 | 7.68 | 8.48 | 9.54 | 9.02 |
K2O | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Total | 102.08 | 92.53 | 97.65 | 97.16 | 97.70 | 96.43 | 98.64 | 96.33 | 103.15 | 98.04 | 95.31 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Si | 2.951 | 2.967 | 7.191 | 6.738 | 1.986 | 1.963 | 1.973 | 2.012 | 1.972 | 1.979 | 1.973 | 1.918 | 1.802 | 1.803 |
Al IV | 0.049 | 0.033 | 0.809 | 1.262 | 0.014 | 0.037 | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.021 | 0.027 | 0.082 | 0.198 | 0.197 |
Al VI | 1.947 | 2.592 | 1.169 | 0.432 | 0.469 | 0.298 | 0.505 | 0.379 | 0.414 | 0.428 | 0.393 | 0.336 | 0.312 | 0.328 |
Ti | 0.020 | 0.008 | 0.050 | 0.042 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.035 | 0.016 |
Cr | 0.016 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.053 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Fe3+ | 0.066 | 0.390 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.098 | 0.085 | 0.137 | 0.220 | 0.267 | 0.184 | 0.180 | 0.293 | 0.415 | 0.470 |
Fe2+ | 1.833 | 0.000 | 1.472 | 3.008 | 0.139 | 0.163 | 0.075 | 0.182 | 0.040 | 0.096 | 0.120 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.032 |
Mn | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.015 |
Mg | 0.493 | 0.021 | 2.511 | 1.828 | 0.322 | 0.470 | 0.292 | 0.257 | 0.291 | 0.297 | 0.323 | 0.365 | 0.287 | 0.266 |
Ca | 0.712 | 1.990 | 0.751 | 1.612 | 0.394 | 0.608 | 0.359 | 0.294 | 0.320 | 0.390 | 0.401 | 0.407 | 0.288 | 0.240 |
Na | 0.012 | 0.011 | 1.572 | 0.627 | 0.560 | 0.363 | 0.626 | 0.642 | 0.653 | 0.596 | 0.562 | 0.586 | 0.662 | 0.633 |
K | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.073 | 0.045 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Total | 8.039 | 8.020 | 15.590 | 15.683 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
O | 12 | 12.5 | 23 | 23 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5.988 | 5.968 | 6.000 |
XMg | 0.21 | – | 0.63 | 0.38 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JD, % | 48.6 | 29.1 | 50.0 | 43.4 | 40.8 | 42.3 | 40.0 | 31.5 | 29.9 | 29.8 | ||||
AE, % | 10.1 | 8.3 | 13.6 | 25.2 | 26.3 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 27.5 | 39.8 | 42.7 | ||||
WEF, % | 41.3 | 62.6 | 36.4 | 31.4 | 32.9 | 39.5 | 41.7 | 41.0 | 30.3 | 27.5 |
Sample | 117-2 | 18-8a | 18-14e2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis | 2 | 21 | 13 | 3 |
SiO2 | 2.96 | 3.16 | 2.04 | 1.02 |
TiO2 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.00 |
Al2O3 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
Cr2O3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
FeO * | 77.74 | 76.61 | 73.37 | 72.68 |
MnO | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
MgO | 0.93 | 3.08 | 0.38 | 0.00 |
CaO | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.20 |
Na2O | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.10 |
K2O | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
Total | 81.91 | 83.22 | 76.60 | 74.52 |
Temperature | Pressure, GPa |
---|---|
560 | 1.69 |
570 | 1.72 |
580 | 1.75 |
590 | 1.78 |
600 | 1.81 |
610 | 1.84 |
620 | 1.87 |
630 | 1.90 |
640 | 1.93 |
Confidence interval | ±0.15 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kamzolkin, V.A.; Konilov, A.N.; Kulakova, E.P.; Latyshev, A.V.; Smulskaya, A.I.; Ivanov, S.D. Sulfides in Metamorphic Rocks of the Fore Range Zone (Greater Caucasus). A New Type of Mineral Container for Peak Metamorphism Mineral Assemblages. Minerals 2019, 9, 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110701
Kamzolkin VA, Konilov AN, Kulakova EP, Latyshev AV, Smulskaya AI, Ivanov SD. Sulfides in Metamorphic Rocks of the Fore Range Zone (Greater Caucasus). A New Type of Mineral Container for Peak Metamorphism Mineral Assemblages. Minerals. 2019; 9(11):701. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110701
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamzolkin, Vladimir A., Aleksandr N. Konilov, Ekaterina P. Kulakova, Anton V. Latyshev, Anna I. Smulskaya, and Stanislav D. Ivanov. 2019. "Sulfides in Metamorphic Rocks of the Fore Range Zone (Greater Caucasus). A New Type of Mineral Container for Peak Metamorphism Mineral Assemblages" Minerals 9, no. 11: 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110701