Upgrade of Biaxial Mechatronic Testing Machine for Cruciform Specimens and Verification by FEM Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- Slow speed for the experiment;
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- Fast mode for piston position adjustment.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Technical Realization of the Hydraulic Loading Device
- A hydraulic device for biaxial loading of the cruciform specimens;
- A dynamic strain gauge measurement device for sensing the evolution of the loading forces in the cruciform specimen arms using dynamometers with resistive strain gages;
- An extensometer for measuring the deformation in the central part of the cruciform specimen under biaxial tensile loading.
- The hydraulic loading device consists of the following main parts:
- A lamellar hydrogenerator SA33-100;
- Hydraulic cylinders;
- Clamping jaws;
- A guide body;
- Throttling valves;
- A main valve;
- Distributors of working fluid pressure;
- Electrical switches.
2.1.1. Lamellar Hydrogenerator SA3-100
- Power W = 7.5 kW;
- Maximum working fluid flow Q = 40 dm3·min−1;
- Working temperature 50 °C;
- Maximum working pressure of 16 MPa.
2.1.2. Hydraulic Cylinders and Hoses
- Direction X: D = 63 mm, d = 32 mm, t = 6.5 mm, and lift= 250 mm;
- Direction Y: D = 60 mm, d = 32 mm, t = 6.5 mm, and lift= 100 mm.
2.1.3. Clamping Jaws and Guide Body
2.1.4. Parameters of the Main and Throttle Valves
- Maximum working fluid flow: Q = 30 dm3·min−1;
- Maximum working pressure: P= 35 MPa;
- Maximum working temperature: T = 80 °C.
- Maximum working fluid flow: Q = 1.6 dm3·min−1;
- Maximum working pressure: P= 32 MPa.
2.1.5. Electrical Switches
2.2. Load Mechanism Improvement through Regulator Design
- Application of force to the testing specimen;
- Ratio regulation of deformations and mechanical stress;
- That the time change in the deformation will not be greater than prescribed in the relevant norm.
2.2.1. Regulator Design in a Block Diagram
2.2.2. Modernization of the Hydraulic Control Circuit
3. Mathematical Model
3.1. Mathematical Model of the Electrohydraulic Actuator
3.2. Mathematical Model of the Proportional Pressure-Reducing Valve
3.3. Mathematical Model of the Cruciform Specimen
3.4. Design of the Resulting Block Diagram of the Control Circuit
4. Results
4.1. Design of the Resulting Block Diagram of the Control Circuit
4.2. Nonlinear FEM Simulation of the Specimen Based on the Plasticity Anisotropic Material Model
- Several mesh configurations were checked, and the dependence of the change in the peak stress on the change in degrees of freedom was realized, together with the dependence of the peak stress on the change in the number of elements. In this way, the convergence of the mesh was verified, Figure 25;
- The upper limit of the maximum stress was set at which the calculation was still stable without the need for drastic changes in the convergence tolerance and singularity elimination factor;
- The minimum element size was determined based on geometric parameters at 0.078 mm, and the maximum element size was determined based on convergence properties at 2.62 mm.
4.3. Experimental Verification of the Closed-Loop Control System and the Plasticity Properties of the Cruciform Specimen
5. Conclusions
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- Design of the structure of the control closed-loop circuit at the functional and object level;
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- The detailed design of the electrohydraulic part of the loading device at the object level;
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- Design of mathematical models within individual elements of the control closed-loop circuit;
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- The final closed-loop block diagram and verification of the controlled system;
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- Design of a regulator of the control circuit in the frequency domain using the method of shaping the frequency response of an open-loop control circuit;
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- The computer simulation of a control closed-loop circuit in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and its evaluation;
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- FEM simulation of the cruciform specimen;
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- Experimental verification of the closed-loop control system and plasticity properties of the cruciform specimen.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Selected Step of Simulation | Computed Value—Strain in Plastic Deformation (Center of Specimen) |
---|---|
In 100 | |
In 150 | |
In 200 | |
In 250 | |
In 463 (final) |
Material | Thickness [mm] | Direction | Rp0.2 [MPa] | Rm [MPa] | A80 [%] | r(20) | r(5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KOHAL E 210 IZ | 1.00 | 0° | 239 | 353 | 37 | 0.91 | 0.86 |
45° | 254 | 352 | 38 | 1.03 | 1.09 | ||
90° | 267 | 358 | 38 | 1.09 | 1.17 |
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Miková, Ľ.; Prada, E.; Kelemen, M.; Krys, V.; Mykhailyshyn, R.; Sinčák, P.J.; Merva, T.; Leštach, L. Upgrade of Biaxial Mechatronic Testing Machine for Cruciform Specimens and Verification by FEM Analysis. Machines 2022, 10, 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100916
Miková Ľ, Prada E, Kelemen M, Krys V, Mykhailyshyn R, Sinčák PJ, Merva T, Leštach L. Upgrade of Biaxial Mechatronic Testing Machine for Cruciform Specimens and Verification by FEM Analysis. Machines. 2022; 10(10):916. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100916
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiková, Ľubica, Erik Prada, Michal Kelemen, Václav Krys, Roman Mykhailyshyn, Peter Ján Sinčák, Tomáš Merva, and Lukáš Leštach. 2022. "Upgrade of Biaxial Mechatronic Testing Machine for Cruciform Specimens and Verification by FEM Analysis" Machines 10, no. 10: 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100916