Exoskeletons for Mobility after Spinal Cord Injury: A Personalized Embodied Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Which Exoskeleton?
3. The Exoskeleton and the Body: Bodily (and More) Effects of ReWalk
3.1. Spasticity
3.2. Musculoskeletal
3.3. Pain
3.4. Cardiovascular Health
3.5. Neurogenic Bowel
3.6. Physical Functioning and Physical Well-Being
4. The Exoskeleton in the Body: Exoskeleton Embodiment as an Upgrade to a Personalized Exoskeleton
5. The Exoskeleton with the Body: Interaction between Different Signals and Homeostasis as the Next Level for Personalized Exoskeleton Rehabilitation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Device | Approved for Use | Injury Level |
---|---|---|
ReWalk™ (ReWalk Robotics Inc., Marlboro, MA, USA and Yokneam, Israel) | Rehabilitation and personal mobility (community) | T4–L5 (Rehabilitation) T7–L5 (Personal Use) |
Indego™ (Parker Hannifin Corporation, Cleveland, OH, USA) | Rehabilitation and personal mobility (community) | T4–L5 (Rehabilitation) T7–L5 (Personal Use) |
Ekso® (Ekso Bionics, Berkley, CA, USA) | Rehabilitation | T4–L5 AIS A–D C7–T3 if AIS D |
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Forte, G.; Leemhuis, E.; Favieri, F.; Casagrande, M.; Giannini, A.M.; De Gennaro, L.; Pazzaglia, M. Exoskeletons for Mobility after Spinal Cord Injury: A Personalized Embodied Approach. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12030380
Forte G, Leemhuis E, Favieri F, Casagrande M, Giannini AM, De Gennaro L, Pazzaglia M. Exoskeletons for Mobility after Spinal Cord Injury: A Personalized Embodied Approach. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(3):380. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12030380
Chicago/Turabian StyleForte, Giuseppe, Erik Leemhuis, Francesca Favieri, Maria Casagrande, Anna Maria Giannini, Luigi De Gennaro, and Mariella Pazzaglia. 2022. "Exoskeletons for Mobility after Spinal Cord Injury: A Personalized Embodied Approach" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 3: 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12030380