Exploring the Association between Vitamin D and Changes in Cognitive Function in Chilean Older Adults: Evidence from the ALEXANDROS Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Sample
2.2. Variables
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Association between Health Factors and Vitamin D
3.3. Association between Vitamin D and Cognitive Function
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Men n = 289 | Women n = 666 | Total n = 955 | Statistics Test p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 66.59 ± 4.57 | 66.58 ± 4.50 | 66.58 ± 4.52 | <0.98 * |
MMSE SF (points) Median, mean ± SD | 17 17.02 ± 1.63 | 17 16.69 ± 1.71 | 17 16.79 ± 1.69 | <0.37 *** |
Vitamin D ng/mL mean SD | 29.61 ± 15.33 | 27.37 ± 14.94 | 28.05 ± 15.08 | <0.035 * |
Years of Education mean ± SD | 8.87 ± 4.89 | 8.29 ± 4.61 | 8.47 ± 4.70 | <0.09 * |
Number of chronic diseases mean ± SD | 1.15 ± 0.96 | 1.27 ± 1.03 | 1.23 ± 1.01 | <0.11 * |
Diabetes n (%) | 44 (16.42) | 110 (18.43) | 154 (17.80) | <0.46 ** |
High Blood Pressure n (%) | 170 (58.82) | 374 (56.24) | 544 (57.02) | <0.45 ** |
Depression n (%) | 20 (16.26) | 122 (46.92) | 142 (37.08) | <0.0001 |
BMI (Kg/m2) mean ± SD | 27.95 ± 4.30 | 29.29 ± 5.04 | 28.88 ± 4.86 | 0.0002 * |
Smoking n (%) | 14 (5.36) | 57 (9.68) | 71 (8.35) | <0.036 ** |
Drinking n (%) | 81 (31.40) | 84 (14.26) | 165 (19.48) | <0.001 ** |
Sedentary n (%) | 191 (73.46) | 409 (70.03) | 600 (71.09) | <0.31 ** |
Vitamin D Categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Normal (>20 ng/mL) n = 623 | Deficiency (20–12 ng/mL) n = 232 | Severe Deficiency (<12 ng/mL) n = 100 | Total n = 955 | Statistics Test p Value |
Cognitive status n (%) | - | - | - | - | - |
Normal | 598 (95.99) | 214 (92.24) | 89 (89.0) | 901 (94.34) | 0.005 * |
Mild Cognitive Impairment | 25 (4.01) | 18 (7.76) | 11 (11.0) | 54 (6.66) | - |
Nutritional Status n (%) | - | - | - | - | 0.595 * |
Normal | 127 (20.39) | 42 (18.10) | 18 (18.0) | 187 (19.58) | |
Undernutrition | 1 (0.16) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.10) | |
Overweight | 298 (47.83) | 94 (40.52) | 48 (48.0) | 440 (46.01) | |
Obesity | 197 (31.62) | 96 (41.38) | 34 (34.0) | 327 (34.24) | |
Depression (GDS-15) n (%) | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 56 (8.99) | 14 (6.03) | 10 (10.0) | 80 (8.38) | 0.436 * |
No | 567 (91.01) | 218 (93.97) | 90 (90.0) | 875 (91.62) | - |
Diabetes n (%) | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 101 (16.21) | 42 (18.10) | 22 (22.0) | 165 (17.28) | 0.339 * |
No | 522 (83.79) | 190 (81.90) | 78 (78.0) | 790 (82.72) |
Variables | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | Full Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline Vitamin D | - | - | - |
Deficiency (12–19 ng/mL) | 1.73 (0.86–3.48) p 0.123 | 1.34 (0.64–2.81) p 0.427 | 1.25 (0.64–2.85) p 0.420 |
Severe deficiency (<12 ng/mL) | 3.31 (1.52–7.17) p 0.002 | 2.36 (1.05–5.31) p 0.038 | 2.34 (1.03–5.312) p 0.042 |
Age (Years) | - | 1.13 (1.07–1.21) p 0.0001 | 1.14 (1.07–1.21) p 0.0001 |
Sex (Women) | - | 1.93 (0.85–4.37) p 0.114 | 1.71 (0.75–3.92) p 0.20 |
Years of Education | - | 0.84 (0.78–0.92) p 0.0001 | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) p 0.0001 |
Nutritional Status | - | - | - |
Overweight (25–29.9 Kg/m2) | - | - | 0.80 (0.32–1.99) p 0.61 |
Obesity (≥30 Kg/m2) | - | - | 0.93 (0.36–2.49) p 0.94 |
Depression | - | - | 2.24 (1.17–4.29) p 0.01 |
Diabetes | - | - | 1.22 (0.49–3.06) p 0.67 |
High blood pressure | - | - | 0.86 (0.39–1.89) p 0.71 |
Multimorbidity | - | - | 0.90 (0.40–1.76) p 0.64 |
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Márquez, C.; Angel, B.; Lera, L.; Bendayan, R.; Sánchez, H.; Albala, C. Exploring the Association between Vitamin D and Changes in Cognitive Function in Chilean Older Adults: Evidence from the ALEXANDROS Cohort Study. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071078
Márquez C, Angel B, Lera L, Bendayan R, Sánchez H, Albala C. Exploring the Association between Vitamin D and Changes in Cognitive Function in Chilean Older Adults: Evidence from the ALEXANDROS Cohort Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(7):1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071078
Chicago/Turabian StyleMárquez, Carlos, Bárbara Angel, Lydia Lera, Rebecca Bendayan, Hugo Sánchez, and Cecilia Albala. 2022. "Exploring the Association between Vitamin D and Changes in Cognitive Function in Chilean Older Adults: Evidence from the ALEXANDROS Cohort Study" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 7: 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071078