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Article

Bladder Cancer and Risk Factors: Data from a Multi-Institutional Long-Term Analysis on Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Incidence

by
Biagio Barone
1,†,
Marco Finati
2,†,
Francesco Cinelli
2,
Antonio Fanelli
2,
Francesco Del Giudice
3,
Ettore De Berardinis
3,
Alessandro Sciarra
3,
Gianluca Russo
4,
Vito Mancini
2,
Nicola D’Altilia
2,
Matteo Ferro
5,
Angelo Porreca
6,
Benjamin I. Chung
7,
Satvir Basran
7,
Carlo Bettocchi
2,
Luigi Cormio
2,
Ciro Imbimbo
1,
Giuseppe Carrieri
2,
Felice Crocetto
1,* and
Gian Maria Busetto
2
1
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
2
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
3
Department of Maternal-Infant and Urological Sciences, Sapienza Rome University, 00185 Rome, Italy
4
Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
5
Department of Urology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
6
Oncological Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV) IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
7
Department of Urology, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13(3), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030512
Submission received: 18 February 2023 / Revised: 3 March 2023 / Accepted: 11 March 2023 / Published: 13 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Medicine, Cell, and Organism Physiology)
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Abstract

Background: Bladder cancer (BCa) is a heterogeneous disease with a variable prognosis and natural history. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), although completely different, has several similarities and possible interactions with cancer. The association between them is still unknown, but common risk factors between the two suggest a shared biology. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study that included patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor at two high-volume institutions. Depending on the presence of a previous history of CVD or not, patients were divided into two groups. Results: A total of 2050 patients were included, and 1638 (81.3%) were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Regarding comorbidities, the most common were hypertension (59.9%), cardiovascular disease (23.4%) and diabetes (22.4%). At univariate analysis, independent risk factors for bladder cancer were age and male sex, while protective factors were cessation of smoking and presence of CVD. All these results, except for ex-smoker status, were confirmed at the multivariate analysis. Another analysis was performed for patients with high-risk bladder cancer and, in this case, the role of CVD was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our study pointed out a positive association between CVD and BCa incidence; CVD was an independent protective factor for BCa. This effect was not confirmed for high-risk tumors. Several biological and genomics mechanisms clearly contribute to the onset of both diseases, suggesting a possible shared disease pathway and highlighting the complex interplay of cancer and CVD. CVD treatment can involve different drugs with a possible effect on cancer incidence, but, to date, findings are still inconclusive.
Keywords: bladder cancer; cardiovascular disease; risk factors; comorbidities bladder cancer; cardiovascular disease; risk factors; comorbidities

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MDPI and ACS Style

Barone, B.; Finati, M.; Cinelli, F.; Fanelli, A.; Del Giudice, F.; De Berardinis, E.; Sciarra, A.; Russo, G.; Mancini, V.; D’Altilia, N.; et al. Bladder Cancer and Risk Factors: Data from a Multi-Institutional Long-Term Analysis on Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Incidence. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030512

AMA Style

Barone B, Finati M, Cinelli F, Fanelli A, Del Giudice F, De Berardinis E, Sciarra A, Russo G, Mancini V, D’Altilia N, et al. Bladder Cancer and Risk Factors: Data from a Multi-Institutional Long-Term Analysis on Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Incidence. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(3):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030512

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barone, Biagio, Marco Finati, Francesco Cinelli, Antonio Fanelli, Francesco Del Giudice, Ettore De Berardinis, Alessandro Sciarra, Gianluca Russo, Vito Mancini, Nicola D’Altilia, and et al. 2023. "Bladder Cancer and Risk Factors: Data from a Multi-Institutional Long-Term Analysis on Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Incidence" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 3: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030512

APA Style

Barone, B., Finati, M., Cinelli, F., Fanelli, A., Del Giudice, F., De Berardinis, E., Sciarra, A., Russo, G., Mancini, V., D’Altilia, N., Ferro, M., Porreca, A., Chung, B. I., Basran, S., Bettocchi, C., Cormio, L., Imbimbo, C., Carrieri, G., Crocetto, F., & Busetto, G. M. (2023). Bladder Cancer and Risk Factors: Data from a Multi-Institutional Long-Term Analysis on Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Incidence. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(3), 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030512

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