Low Lung Function Is Associated with Low Baseline Calcaneus Ultrasound T-Score but a Slow Decline in T-Score in a Taiwanese Follow-Up Population with No History of Smoking, Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Asthma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Taiwan Biobank
2.3. Laboratory, Medical, and Demographic Variables
2.4. Assessment of Cigarette Smoking History
2.5. Calcaneus Ultrasound T-Score Measurements
2.6. Spirometry Measurements
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparisons of Clinical Characteristics between the Baseline T-Score Groups
3.2. Determinants of Baseline Calcaneus Ultrasound T-Score in Univariable Linear Regression Analysis
3.3. Determinants of Calcaneus Ultrasound ΔT-Score ≤ −3 in Univariable Binary Logistic Regression Analysis
3.4. Associations of FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC with Calcaneus Ultrasound ΔT-Score ≤ −3 in Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | T-Score ≥ −2.5 (n = 8501) | T-Score < −2.5 (n = 558) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 50.6 ± 10.2 | 58.2 ± 7.5 | <0.001 |
Male gender (%) | 20.0 | 21.0 | 0.565 |
DM (%) | 4.3 | 4.7 | 0.650 |
Hypertension (%) | 11.1 | 14.3 | 0.018 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.4 | 23.1 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
Regular exercise habit (%) | 48.8 | 58.2 | <0.001 |
Menopause in female (%) | 53.5 | 90.0 | <0.001 |
T-score | −0.16 ± 1.52 | −3.09 ± 0.53 | <0.001 |
ΔT-score | −0.35 ± 1.00 | 0.25 ± 1.31 | <0.001 |
Laboratory parameters | |||
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 94.6 ± 17.3 | 96.5 ± 20.2 | 0.013 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 ± 1.5 | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 0.097 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 106.2 ± 73.5 | 102.7 ± 60.6 | 0.270 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.8 ± 35.2 | 202.3 ± 34.9 | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.0 ± 13.0 | 57.4 ± 13.8 | 0.017 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121.3 ± 31.2 | 124.9 ± 30.0 | 0.007 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 111.0 ± 25.1 | 109.8 ± 27.5 | 0.292 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 0.284 |
Lung function | |||
FEV1 (L) | 1.95 ± 0.74 | 1.76 ± 0.71 | <0.001 |
FVC (L) | 2.66 ± 0.71 | 2.41 ± 0.72 | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 72.8 ± 18.4 | 72.7 ± 18.3 | 0.936 |
Parameters | Baseline T-Score | ||
---|---|---|---|
Univariable | |||
Unstandardized Coefficient β | 95% CI | p | |
Age (per 1 year) | −0.059 | −0.062, −0.056 | <0.001 |
Male (vs. female) | −0.262 | −0.346, −0.178 | <0.001 |
DM | −0.289 | −0.455, −0.1123 | 0.001 |
Hypertension | −0.477 | −0.583, −0.371 | <0.001 |
Height (per 1 cm) | 0.014 | 0.010, 0.019 | <0.001 |
BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | 0.031 | 0.021, 0.041 | <0.001 |
Regular exercise habits | −0.273 | −0.340, −0.206 | <0.001 |
Menopause in female | −1.390 | −1.461, −1.319 | <0.001 |
Laboratory parameters | |||
Fasting glucose (per 1 mg/dL) | −0.007 | −0.009, −0.005 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL) | −0.073 | −0.096, −0.050 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (per 1 mg/dL) | −0.001 | −0.002, −0.001 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | −0.004 | −0.005, −0.003 | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 0.001 | −0.001, 0.004 | 0.369 |
LDL cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | −0.003 | −0.004, −0.002 | <0.001 |
eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.004 | 0.003, 0.006 | <0.001 |
Uric acid (per 1 mg/dL) | −0.054 | −0.080, −0.028 | <0.001 |
Lung function | |||
FEV1 (per 1 L) | 0.288 | 0.243, 0.333 | <0.001 |
FVC (per 1 L) | 0.337 | 0.290, 0.383 | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC (per 1%) | 0.003 | 0.002, 0.005 | <0.001 |
Lung Function | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unstandardized Coefficient β (95% CI) | p | Unstandardized Coefficient β (95% CI) | p | Unstandardized Coefficient β (95% CI) | p | |
FEV1 (per L) | 0.127 (0.075, 0.180) | <0.001 | - | - | - | - |
FVC (per 1 L) | - | - | 0.203 (0.128, 0.278) | <0.001 | - | - |
FEV1/FVC (per 1%) | - | - | - | - | 0.002 (0, 0.004) | 0.013 |
Parameters | ΔT-Score ≤ −3 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Univariable | |||
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p | |
Age (per 1 year) | 1.012 | 1.007–1.016 | <0.001 |
Male (vs. female) | 0.703 | 0.634–0.780 | <0.001 |
DM | 1.143 | 0.932–1.403 | 0.199 |
Hypertension | 0.937 | 0.823–1.068 | 0.328 |
Height (per 1 cm) | 0.989 | 0.983–0.994 | <0.001 |
BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | 0.981 | 0.969–0.993 | 0.001 |
Regular exercise habits | 1.097 | 1.010–1.191 | 0.028 |
Menopause in female | 1.273 | 1.160–1.397 | <0.001 |
Laboratory parameters | |||
Fasting glucose (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.001 | 0.999–1.004 | 0.217 |
Hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL) | 0.992 | 0.964–1.020 | 0.566 |
Triglyceride (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.000 | 0.999–1.000 | 0.735 |
Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.003 | 1.001–1.004 | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.010 | 1.007–1.014 | <0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.001 | 1.000–1.003 | 0.036 |
eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 1.000 | 0.999–1.002 | 0.584 |
Uric acid (per 1 mg/dL) | 0.977 | 0.947–1.008 | 0.149 |
Lung function | |||
FEV1 (per 1 L) | 0.960 | 0.907–1.015 | 0.149 |
FVC (per 1 L) | 0.871 | 0.822–0.923 | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC (per 1%) | 1.003 | 1.001–1.006 | 0.003 |
Lung Function | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
FEV1 (per 1 L) | 1.146 (1.067–1.229) | 0.001 | - | - | - | - |
FVC (per 1 L) | - | - | 1.110 (1.004–1.228) | 0.042 | - | - |
FEV1/FVC (per 1%) | - | - | - | - | 1.004 (1.002–1.006) | 0.001 |
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Tsai, Y.-L.; Wang, H.-P.; Wu, D.-W.; Huang, J.-C.; Wu, P.-Y.; Chen, S.-C. Low Lung Function Is Associated with Low Baseline Calcaneus Ultrasound T-Score but a Slow Decline in T-Score in a Taiwanese Follow-Up Population with No History of Smoking, Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Asthma. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13050795
Tsai Y-L, Wang H-P, Wu D-W, Huang J-C, Wu P-Y, Chen S-C. Low Lung Function Is Associated with Low Baseline Calcaneus Ultrasound T-Score but a Slow Decline in T-Score in a Taiwanese Follow-Up Population with No History of Smoking, Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Asthma. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(5):795. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13050795
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Yu-Lin, Hao-Ping Wang, Da-Wei Wu, Jiun-Chi Huang, Pei-Yu Wu, and Szu-Chia Chen. 2023. "Low Lung Function Is Associated with Low Baseline Calcaneus Ultrasound T-Score but a Slow Decline in T-Score in a Taiwanese Follow-Up Population with No History of Smoking, Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Asthma" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 5: 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13050795