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Volume 13
Issue 7
10.3390/jpm13071132
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Review

Personalized Medicine in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Broad Review of Emerging Treatments

by
Rui Sousa Martins
1,2,3,
Tito Teles Jesus
1,2,
Luís Cardoso
1,2,4,
Paula Soares
1,2,5 and
João Vinagre
1,2,5,*
1
Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
2
Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
3
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
4
Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
5
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13(7), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071132
Submission received: 25 May 2023 / Revised: 8 July 2023 / Accepted: 11 July 2023 / Published: 13 July 2023
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Abstract

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) arises from parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland, and although rare, it represents an aggressive type of thyroid cancer. MTC is recognized for its low mutational burden, with point mutations in RET or RAS genes being the most common oncogenic events. MTC can be resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy, and multitarget kinase inhibitors (MKIs) have been considered a treatment option. They act by inhibiting the activities of specific tyrosine kinase receptors involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors are approved in the treatment of advanced MTC, including vandetanib and cabozantinib. However, due to the significant number of adverse events, debatable efficiency and resistance, there is a need for novel RET-specific TKIs. Newer RET-specific TKIs are expected to overcome previous limitations and improve patient outcomes. Herein, we aim to review MTC signaling pathways, the most recent options for treatment and the applications for personalized medicine.
Keywords: MTC; RET; signaling pathways; TKIs; multikinase inhibitors; RET-specific inhibitors MTC; RET; signaling pathways; TKIs; multikinase inhibitors; RET-specific inhibitors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Martins, R.S.; Jesus, T.T.; Cardoso, L.; Soares, P.; Vinagre, J. Personalized Medicine in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Broad Review of Emerging Treatments. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071132

AMA Style

Martins RS, Jesus TT, Cardoso L, Soares P, Vinagre J. Personalized Medicine in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Broad Review of Emerging Treatments. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(7):1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071132

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martins, Rui Sousa, Tito Teles Jesus, Luís Cardoso, Paula Soares, and João Vinagre. 2023. "Personalized Medicine in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Broad Review of Emerging Treatments" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 7: 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071132

APA Style

Martins, R. S., Jesus, T. T., Cardoso, L., Soares, P., & Vinagre, J. (2023). Personalized Medicine in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Broad Review of Emerging Treatments. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(7), 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071132

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