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Open AccessArticle
Socioeconomic Gender Variables Impact the Association between Hypertension and Chronic Health Issues: Cross-Sectional Study
by
Simon David Lindner
Simon David Lindner 1,2,†,
Teresa Gisinger
Teresa Gisinger 3,†,
Peter Klimek
Peter Klimek 1,2,4,5,† and
Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
Alexandra Kautzky-Willer 3,*,†
1
Institute of the Science of Complex Systems, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
2
Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria
3
Gender Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
4
Supply Chain Intelligence Institute Austria, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria
5
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(8), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080890 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 25 June 2024
/
Revised: 25 July 2024
/
Accepted: 20 August 2024
/
Published: 22 August 2024
Abstract
Our aim is to investigate if sex and gender influence the association of hypertension and their comorbidities. We investigated how gender differences in five socioeconomic factors impact the relation between hypertension and ten comorbidities including diabetes mellitus, renal disease, and chronic pulmonary disease in European countries grouped by their gender inequality index using representative survey data from the European Health Interview Survey. Using logistic regressions, we compute the ratio of odds ratios in females versus males. Therefore, an ORR > 1 is associated with a higher odds ratio for females than for males while an ORR < 1 means the opposite. To account for multiple hypothesis testing, we applied the Bonferroni correction. Hypertension in both sexes was associated with lower educational level, being unemployed, and lower income. In males, being divorced/widowed (OR1.12, p < 0.001) had an association to hypertension, whereas in females, being common-law/married (OR1.30, p < 0.001) and being divorced/widowed (OR1.17, p < 0.001) was associated with a higher risk for hypertension. Moreover, in hypertension, females who worked had an association with myocardial infarction (OR1.39, p < 0.001) and having post-secondary education had an association with arthrosis (OR 1.35, p < 0.001) compared to males. Our findings show that gender variables influence the association of hypertension and comorbidities, especially in females. These results can be used to inform targeted prevention measures taking gender-specific contextual factors into account.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Lindner, S.D.; Gisinger, T.; Klimek, P.; Kautzky-Willer, A.
Socioeconomic Gender Variables Impact the Association between Hypertension and Chronic Health Issues: Cross-Sectional Study. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 890.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080890
AMA Style
Lindner SD, Gisinger T, Klimek P, Kautzky-Willer A.
Socioeconomic Gender Variables Impact the Association between Hypertension and Chronic Health Issues: Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(8):890.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080890
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lindner, Simon David, Teresa Gisinger, Peter Klimek, and Alexandra Kautzky-Willer.
2024. "Socioeconomic Gender Variables Impact the Association between Hypertension and Chronic Health Issues: Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 8: 890.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080890
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