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Article

Investigating the Anti-Wear Behavior of Polyalphaolefin Oil with Methyl Silicon Resin Using Advanced Analytical Techniques

by
Haiyang Wang
1,2,
Zhongyi He
1,2,*,
Liping Xiong
2,
Liang Qian
3,
Lili Li
2 and
Qiyang Long
2
1
State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
2
School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
3
Jiangxi Xinjiayi New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Jiujiang 330321, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Lubricants 2024, 12(12), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120416
Submission received: 14 October 2024 / Revised: 14 November 2024 / Accepted: 25 November 2024 / Published: 27 November 2024
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Abstract

:
This research thoroughly examined the tribological characteristics of polyalphaolefin (PAO4) oil, both with and without the incorporation of methyl silicone resin. The evaluation of anti-wear properties and friction reduction was conducted using a four-ball tester for friction and wear. The incorporation of methyl silicone resin into PAO4 at 25 °C significantly reduced the wear scar diameter (WSD), achieving minimum values at a concentration of 0.02 wt.%. PAO4 with 0.02 wt.% methyl silicone resin shows excellent wear resistance at different temperatures. A detailed analysis of the wear scar surfaces and wear debris was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, 3D surface profiler and TEM. The results compellingly demonstrate that the remarkable improvement in wear resistance is predominantly due to the strategic formation of SiO2 nanoparticles during the friction process. These SiO2 particles not only adeptly fill the surface gaps at the friction interface but also crucially contribute to the formation of a robust tribochemical film, which is instrumental in enhancing wear performance.

1. Introduction

Friction and wear account for a substantial amount of energy consumption globally, leading to a reduced service life of industrial equipment [1,2]. As industrial development progresses, there is an increasing necessity for machinery to operate at higher power densities. This demand exacerbates the issues of friction and wear during mechanical operations, thereby heightening the need for innovative lubricating additives. Lubricating oil plays a crucial role in different mechanical systems by reducing friction and wear, enhancing the fuel efficiency of machinery, prolonging the lifespan of equipment, and lowering energy usage [3,4,5,6].
Polyalphaolefin (PAO4) oils are unparalleled among synthetic lubricants due to their high thermal stability and broad temperature range of applicability. However, the continuous pursuit of scientific excellence in lubrication has prompted the introduction of advanced additives aimed at further enhancing the performance of PAO4. To improve the frictional characteristics between interacting surfaces, researchers have proposed the incorporation of anti-wear additives into conventional lubricants to augment their friction-reducing properties [7]. Kumara et al. report 4 nm diameter dodecanethiol-modified oil-suspended and optically clear ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) as anti-wear additives for non-polar base oils. ZnS NPs at concentrations of 0.5 or 1.0 wt.% in PAO oils showed excellent friction and wear protection. Synthetic ZnS NPs show 98% wear reduction compared to pure PAO4 base oils [8]. Kowalczyk et al. present the effect of adding zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and/or fullerenes on the properties of tribological systems coated with diamond-like carbon coatings doped with tungsten (W-DLC) and 100Cr6 steel without a coating. The obtained test results indicated that the addition of ZDDP to PAO 8 increased the resistance to motion with a simultaneous improvement in anti-wear properties [9]. Jiang et al. investigated the tribological characteristics of PAO6 base oil using MoS2/h-BN hybrid nanoparticles functionalized by oleic acid. The conclusion was drawn that the hybrid nanolubricant effectively reduced the COF and WSD values of the wear scar and further showed better anti-wear performance over mono lubricants [10]. Nonetheless, many active components in lubricant additives pose environmental risks [11,12]. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop environmentally friendly additives that exhibit superior anti-wear properties to replace conventional additives containing sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and chlorine (Cl). In contemporary society, there is an ongoing quest for efficient and environmentally friendly lubricant additives that aim to reduce energy consumption, promote energy conservation, and protect the ecosystem [13,14,15].
Silicon-based materials are highly sought after in various fields, including optics, electronics, and biology, due to their benign, cost-effective, and abundant nature [16]. Organosilicon compounds are particularly noted for their nontoxicity, satisfactory stability, and ease of processing; consequently, organosilicon chemistry is considered a significant contributor to green chemistry [17]. Silicone resins, characterized by their highly cross-linked thermosetting structure and unique Si-O-Si backbone, exhibit exceptional thermal stability properties, attributed to a Si-O bond energy of up to 450 kJ/mol [18,19]. Typically, these resins can operate effectively at temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 250 °C and can withstand brief exposure to temperatures as high as 400 °C. Additionally, following thermal oxidation treatment, a dense inorganic SiO2 layer forms on the surface of silicone-resin-based composites, effectively interrupting the heat propagation pathway to the material’s interior and further safeguarding the internal structure of the composites [20].
This study investigates the anti-wear and friction reduction performance of PAO4, both with and without methyl silicone resin, at room temperature and under various temperature conditions. Advanced analytical techniques, including SEM, EDS, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, 3D optical surface profiling, and TEM, were employed to conduct detailed analyses of the abrasive marks on the surface and the wear debris. The anti-wear mechanism of methyl silicone resin in PAO4 is elucidated, contributing significantly to the development of green and energy-saving lubricant additives.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

The analytical reagent methyl silicone oil (10cs) was provided by Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Methyl silicone resin (82010) was sourced from Jiangxi Xinjia Yi New Material Co. Polyalphaolefin oil was acquired from Tiancheng Mecca Lubricants located in Beijing. The physicochemical parameters of the polyalphaolefin (PAO4) are shown in Table 1. All chemicals were utilized without any additional purification. The experimental data’s rigor and consistency consistently held significant value for us. Thus, to guarantee the reproducibility of the friction experiment, we conducted each trial three times in succession and calculated the average for each set of data as the final outcome. Additionally, we noted the standard deviation during this process, which indicates the level of error present in the experimental results.

2.2. Sample Preparation

Initially, methyl silicone resin, which is insoluble in PAO4 base oils but soluble in methyl silicone oil, was dissolved in methyl silicone oil to prepare a 20 wt.% organic silicone solution. Subsequently, this 20 wt.% organic silicone solution was incorporated into PAO4 to create a PAO4 solution containing 0.01 wt.%, 0.02 wt.%, 0.03 wt.%, 0.04 wt.%, and 0.05 wt.% organic silicone resin for further tribological testing. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to identify the characteristic peaks of the methyl silicone resin. Additionally, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was utilized to assess the thermal stability of the methyl silicone resin, heating from room temperature to 800 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min in a nitrogen atmosphere.

2.3. Friction and Wear Test

The tribological characteristics of the resulting dispersions were assessed using an MS-10RA four-ball friction and wear tester from Jinan Shun Mao Testing Machine Factory in China. The testing was conducted in accordance with the Chinese National Standard GB3142-82, which is similar to the ASTM D-2783 Standard [21]. This test utilized GCr15 bearing steel balls, which were provided by Shanghai Steel Ball Company Limited. These balls feature a diameter of 12.7 mm, a Rockwell hardness rating of 65.5, an elastic modulus of 208 GPa, a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3, and a density of 7.8 g/cm³. The tribological evaluations were performed under a standard load of 98 N while rotating at a speed of 1450 rev/min for 30 min. The wear scar diameter (WSD) of the three lower balls was determined through the use of an optical microscope linked to a computer that also recorded the friction coefficient automatically. After each test, the frictional components were taken apart, and the steel balls underwent a cleaning process, which involved three washes with petroleum ether (boiling range of 60–90 °C) in an ultrasonic cleaning bath. The wear volume of the balls can be calculated with Equation (1) [22], as follows:
V = 1 3 π h 2 ( 3 R − h )
where R is the ball diameter (mm) and h represents the worn depth (mm); h can be calculated with Equation (2), as follows:
h = R − [ R 2 − ( W S D 2 ) 2 ]
where WSD is wear scar diameter (mm).
The specific wear rate, commonly referred to as the wear rate, is the volume (sometimes mass) loss per unit force and per unit distance of one object relative to another during motion. A lower wear rate indicates better wear resistance performance. The wear rate (k, mm3N−1m−1) can be calculated using Equation (3) [23]
k = V F N × l
where V is the wear volume (mm3), l is the total sliding distance (m), and FN is the normal load (N).
The wear scar profiles were captured in both three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) formats utilizing a 3D surface profiler from Zygo, CT, USA. The wear scar morphology on the steel balls was examined with a GeminiSEM 500 field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), which includes an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) accessory for enhanced analysis. The major elements’ chemical composition and valence states on the worn surfaces of the steel balls were explored using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific, K-alpha, MA, USA). Furthermore, the morphology of the debris generated during wear was investigated with a JEOL JEM 2100F transmission electron microscope (TEM, Tokyo, Japan). Lastly, the wear debris was analyzed using a HORIBA LabRAM HR Evolution Raman spectrometer manufactured by HORIBA Jobin Yvon S.A.S, France.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of Methyl Silicone Resin

The characteristic peaks of the methyl silicone resin were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. As illustrated in Figure 1, the absorbance peak at 2962 cm−1 corresponds to the C-H stretching vibration of Si-CH3 [24]. Additionally, the absorbance spike at 1260 cm−1 is associated with the surface bending vibration of Si-CH3. The absorbance peak at 1124 cm−1 is linked to the stretching vibration of Si-O-Si, which is a defining absorption peak of silicone resins [25,26].
Figure 2 presents the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves for both PAO4 and a PAO4 solution that incorporates silicone resin. The TGA data indicate that PAO4 initiates its weight loss at around 150 °C, indicating the onset of thermal degradation. This weight loss process continues until it is fully completed by 510 °C, signifying the complete decomposition of the material. The PAO4 solution with silicone resin also initiates weight loss at a similar temperature. However, the weight loss of PAO4 is slower when silicone resin is added, indicating that the incorporation of silicone resin enhances the thermal stability of PAO4.

3.2. Tribological Properties

The tribological performance of PAO4 and PAO4 with varying concentrations of methyl silicone resin was assessed using a four-ball machine at a temperature of 25 °C. The friction coefficient (COF) between the top ball and the lower three balls was recorded, with the corresponding COF curves depicted in Figure 3a. Figure 3b illustrates the COF and WSD of PAO4 at different concentrations of methyl silicone resin. The difference in COF between PAO4 with and without methyl silicone resin was found to be minimal. However, the COF of PAO4 containing methyl silicone resin exhibited greater stability as the concentration increased, in contrast to that of PAO4 alone. Methyl silicone resin facilitates the formation of a stable lubricating film during the friction process, which contributes to the stabilization of the COF of PAO4 [27]. The addition of methyl silicone resin to PAO4 significantly decreased the WSD, achieving minimum values at a concentration of 0.02 wt.%. Figure 3c presents the friction coefficients of PAO4 with methyl silicone oil, both with and without resin at identical concentrations. Figure 3d illustrates the anti-wear properties of PAO4 with methyl silicone oil, again comparing the effects of silicone resin at varying concentrations. Under consistent conditions, the friction coefficient exhibits a significant increase in the absence of silicone resin. Although varying concentrations of methyl silicone oil can decrease the wear scar diameter of PAO4, the inclusion of resin leads to an even greater reduction in the wear scar diameter. Therefore, an optimal concentration of 0.02 wt.% was chosen for further investigation into the tribological properties of these additives.
Wear volume and wear rate are critical indicators for evaluating the fretting wear resistance of lubricants. Figure 4 presents the wear volume and wear rate of PAO4 and PAO4 with methyl silicone resin at various temperatures. The data demonstrate that the addition of methyl silicone resin as an additive markedly reduces both the wear volume and wear rate of the PAO4 lubricant. Specifically, compared to the PAO4 lubricant without methyl silicone, the wear volume was reduced by 87.32% at 25 °C, 88.52% at 50 °C, and 78.27% at 75 °C, with a 50.55% decrease noted at 100 °C. Similarly, the wear rate decreased by 87.30% at 25 °C, 88.38% at 50 °C, 78.30% at 75 °C, and 50.61% at 100 °C. These findings suggest that while the wear reduction effect of methyl silicone on PAO4 diminishes with increasing temperature, it remains significant across all tested temperatures.
Figure 5 and Figure 6 illustrate the 3D and 2D profiles of the worn surfaces of the lower steel balls that were lubricated with PAO4, as well as those lubricated with a blend of PAO4 and 0.02 wt.% methyl silicone resin across different temperature conditions, respectivley. Notably, the WSD of the lower steel balls lubricated exclusively with PAO4 is considerably greater. This is evident from the presence of numerous wide and deep furrows that extend along the direction of sliding, as depicted in Figure 5(a1,b1,c1,d1). In contrast, when lubricated with PAO4 + 0.02 wt.% methyl silicone resin, the WSD is comparatively smaller and more uniform (Figure 5(a2,b2,c2,d2)). Notably, under the lubrication of PAO4 + 0.02 wt.% methyl silicone resin at 50 °C, the WSD is minimized. This reduction can be attributed to the methyl silicone resin, which, as an additive in the PAO4 base oil, generates substances during the friction process that adsorb onto the friction surface, forming a protective film. This film plays a crucial role in averting direct contact between the sliding steel surfaces, which significantly reduces the wear that typically occurs during such interactions. This protective mechanism helps to preserve the integrity of the materials involved and enhances their longevity. Furthermore, an analysis of the two-dimensional profiles of the worn surfaces reveals similar patterns in wear behavior. Specifically, the depth of the wear scar observed when utilizing PAO4 lubrication is greater than that seen with the PAO4 combined with 0.02 wt.% methyl silicone resin. This finding suggests that the addition of methyl silicone resin provides a more effective lubrication solution, leading to the decreased wear and improved performance of the sliding surfaces.

3.3. Analysis of Tribological Mechanisms

Figure 7 shows the SEM images of the worn surface lubricated with PAO4 with and without silicone resin at different temperatures at a sliding load of 98 N for 1800 s. As shown in Figure 7, the fretted surface areas on the steel balls lubricated with PAO4 exhibited extensive wear characterized by deep grooves. In contrast, the wear scars observed on the steel balls lubricated with PAO4 containing silicone resin exhibited reduced wear, characterized by narrow furrows and shallow scratches (Figure 7(a2,b2,c2,d2)). This may be due to the silicone resin generating silicone oxides during the friction process. During the friction process, it may fill in the grooves, cracks, other defects on the friction surface, which has a certain protective and repairing effect on the wear-scarred surface, avoiding direct contact with the rough surface, thus reducing the friction wear [28,29,30].
Figure 8 presents the EDS images of wear scars on the lower balls following four-ball friction tests performed with PAO4 and a mixture of PAO4 with 0.02 wt.% methyl silicone resin at various temperatures. The elemental composition of the wear scar surfaces is outlined in Table 2. Notably, when the lubricant consisted of PAO4 with 0.02 wt.% methyl silicone resin, an increase in both silicon and oxygen content on the wear scars was observed. Silicon oxides may form as a result of shear during friction, which causes oxidation reactions within the silicone resin. These silicon oxides form a dense protective film on the surface, resulting in fewer and shallower wear scars [31,32].
To delve deeper into the variety of valence states among elements and to explore the potential chemical reactions that take place on the wear surface after a friction event with PAO4 incorporating silicon resin, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was effectively utilized. Figure 9 illustrates the comprehensive XPS survey of wear scars lubricated with PAO4 with silicon resin, which includes all relevant elements. A full spectral scan identified multiple peaks associated with C 1s, O 1s, Si 2p, and Fe 2p. Additionally, Figure 10 presents the high-resolution XPS results for each element present on the wear scar lubricated with PAO4 containing silicon resin, allowing for a more detailed assessment. The O 1s XPS spectrum reveals three distinct peaks at 529.9 eV, 531.5 eV, and 532.5 eV, which correspond to the Fe-O bond, C-O bond, and Si-O bond [33,34,35], respectively. The peak for Si 2p, observed at 102.6 eV, is linked to the Si-O bond [36,37,38], indicating that SiO2 was formed during the friction process. SiO2 indeed plays a vital role in the lubrication mechanism and supports the existence of the formed chemical tribofilm [39,40,41].
Figure 11 presents the Raman spectra of the wear debris obtained after friction tests using PAO4 and PAO4 containing silicone resin. The absorption peak at 461 cm−1 is attributed to the symmetric stretching vibration of the Si-O-Si bond, which is a characteristic Raman peak of SiO2. The absorption peak at 795 cm−1 corresponds to the bending vibration of the Si-O-Si bond, while the peak at 1057 cm−1 is associated with the asymmetric stretching vibration of the Si-O bond [42,43]. These observations indicate that SiO2 was generated during the friction process, a conclusion that aligns with the findings presented in Figure 10. Additionally, Figure 12 presents the STEM and EDS analyses of the wear debris from PAO4 following friction tests conducted at 98N, 1450 r/min, and 75 °C. From Figure 12a, no particulate matter is observed. The EDS analysis reveals that the constituents of the wear debris are primarily composed of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) compounds. Figure 13 illustrates the STEM and EDS analyses of the wear debris from PAO4 with silicone resin, subjected to the same testing conditions. As shown in Figure 13a, the friction reaction produces some nanoparticles. Elemental analysis via EDS (Figure 13c,e) indicates that the primary constituents of the wear debris are silicon (Si) and oxygen (O), further confirming that the compounds highlighted in the red frame are predominantly SiO2. The SiO2 nanoparticles form an impermeable inorganic silica layer on the worn surface. This SiO2 layer effectively isolates heat conduction, thereby preserving the integrity of the material’s internal structure and demonstrating excellent wear resistance [20]. In addition, SiO2 nanoparticles act as polishing agents during the friction process. The wear surface is adhered to by these SiO2 nanoparticles, forming a protective layer that efficiently avoids direct contact between sliding steel surfaces, which in turn minimizes wear.
Based on the outcomes of tribological testing, the examination of worn surfaces, and the analysis of wear debris, a lubrication mechanism involving the silicon resin additive in PAO4 has been suggested (Figure 14). The formation of SiO2 can significantly safeguard the friction interface. In addition, the incorporation of SiO2 can create a smoother friction surface, which facilitates the silicon resin’s function as ball bearings between the friction pairs, thereby further minimizing wear [44,45].

4. Conclusions

This study thoroughly investigates the anti-wear and friction-reducing performance of PAO4, both with and without the addition of methyl silicone resin, under room temperature and at varying temperature conditions. A series of characterizations and experiments were conducted to assess these properties. The main conclusions drawn from the results and discussions are as follows:
At room temperature, the incorporation of varying concentrations (0.01–0.05%) of methyl silicone resin into PAO4 significantly decreases the diameter of the abrasive spot, resulting in less pronounced and lighter abrasion marks. Notably, the diameter of the abrasive spot reaches its minimum at a concentration of 0.02 wt.%.
PAO4, enhanced with 0.02 wt.% methyl silicone resin, demonstrates an exceptional anti-abrasion performance across different temperatures, with the wear rate decreased by 87.30% at 25 °C, 88.38% at 50 °C, 78.30% at 75 °C, and 50.61% at 100 °C. The most substantial reduction occurs at 50 °C, indicating the optimal anti-wear effect at this temperature.
The anti-wear mechanism of silicone resin primarily involves the formation of SiO2 nanoparticles. The wear surface is adhered to by these SiO2 nanoparticles, forming a protective layer that efficiently avoids direct contact between sliding steel surfaces, which in turn minimizes wear.

Author Contributions

Writing—original draft, H.W.; Writing—review and editing, H.W. and Z.H.; Formal analysis, L.X. and Q.L.; Data curation, L.L.; Funding acquisition, Z.H.; Investigation, H.W. and L.Q.; Project administration, L.X.; Resources, L.Q.; Supervision, L.X. and L.L.; Validation, Q.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52201160; 22462009); Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 20232ACB204001; 20232BAB204008; 20224BAB204048; 20224ACB204014).

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

Author Liang Qian was employed by the company Jiangxi Xinjiayi New Material Technology Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. FTIR spectrum of methyl silicone resin.
Figure 1. FTIR spectrum of methyl silicone resin.
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Figure 2. TGA curves of PAO4 and PAO4 + 0.02 wt% silicone resin.
Figure 2. TGA curves of PAO4 and PAO4 + 0.02 wt% silicone resin.
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Figure 3. Friction coefficient curves of PAO4 and PAO4 with methyl silicone resin (a); the effect of the concentration of methyl silicone resin (b); friction coefficient curves of PAO4 + methyl silicone oil with and without methyl silicone resin (c); comparison of anti-wear properties of lubricant samples with and without methyl silicone resin (d).
Figure 3. Friction coefficient curves of PAO4 and PAO4 with methyl silicone resin (a); the effect of the concentration of methyl silicone resin (b); friction coefficient curves of PAO4 + methyl silicone oil with and without methyl silicone resin (c); comparison of anti-wear properties of lubricant samples with and without methyl silicone resin (d).
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Figure 4. Wear volume (a) and wear rate (b) of PAO4 with and without methyl silicone resin.
Figure 4. Wear volume (a) and wear rate (b) of PAO4 with and without methyl silicone resin.
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Figure 5. 3D topography of worn steel surfaces. (a1) PAO4 (25 °C); (a2) PAO4 + silicone resin (25 °C); (b1) PAO4 (50 °C); (b2) PAO4 + silicone resin (50 °C); (c1) PAO4 (75 °C); (c2) PAO4 + silicone resin (75 °C); (d1) PAO4 (100 °C); (d2) PAO4 + silicone resin (100 °C).
Figure 5. 3D topography of worn steel surfaces. (a1) PAO4 (25 °C); (a2) PAO4 + silicone resin (25 °C); (b1) PAO4 (50 °C); (b2) PAO4 + silicone resin (50 °C); (c1) PAO4 (75 °C); (c2) PAO4 + silicone resin (75 °C); (d1) PAO4 (100 °C); (d2) PAO4 + silicone resin (100 °C).
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Figure 6. 2D depth profiles of worn steel surfaces.
Figure 6. 2D depth profiles of worn steel surfaces.
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Figure 7. SEM images of wear scars lubricated with different lubricating samples under four-ball test conditions. (a1) PAO4 (25 °C); (a2) PAO4 + silicone resin (25 °C); (b1) PAO4 (50 °C); (b2) PAO4 + silicone resin (50 °C); (c1) PAO4 (75 °C); (c2) PAO4 + silicone resin (75 °C); (d1) PAO4 (100 °C); (d2) PAO4 + silicone resin (100 °C).
Figure 7. SEM images of wear scars lubricated with different lubricating samples under four-ball test conditions. (a1) PAO4 (25 °C); (a2) PAO4 + silicone resin (25 °C); (b1) PAO4 (50 °C); (b2) PAO4 + silicone resin (50 °C); (c1) PAO4 (75 °C); (c2) PAO4 + silicone resin (75 °C); (d1) PAO4 (100 °C); (d2) PAO4 + silicone resin (100 °C).
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Figure 8. EDS element surface distribution mappings (right) of worn steel surfaces lubricated with (a1) PAO4 (25 °C); (a2) PAO4 + silicone resin (25 °C); (b1) PAO4 (50 °C); (b2) PAO4 + silicone resin (50 °C); (c1) PAO4 (75 °C); (c2) PAO4 + silicone resin (75 °C); (d1) PAO4 (100 °C); (d2) PAO4 + silicone resin (100 °C).
Figure 8. EDS element surface distribution mappings (right) of worn steel surfaces lubricated with (a1) PAO4 (25 °C); (a2) PAO4 + silicone resin (25 °C); (b1) PAO4 (50 °C); (b2) PAO4 + silicone resin (50 °C); (c1) PAO4 (75 °C); (c2) PAO4 + silicone resin (75 °C); (d1) PAO4 (100 °C); (d2) PAO4 + silicone resin (100 °C).
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Figure 9. XPS survey of the wear scars of lower balls lubricated with PAO4 + silicone resin.
Figure 9. XPS survey of the wear scars of lower balls lubricated with PAO4 + silicone resin.
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Figure 10. The high-resolution spectra of each element (a) O 1s, (b) C 1s, (c) Fe 2p, (d) Si 2p in the wear scars of lower balls lubricated with PAO4 + silicone resin.
Figure 10. The high-resolution spectra of each element (a) O 1s, (b) C 1s, (c) Fe 2p, (d) Si 2p in the wear scars of lower balls lubricated with PAO4 + silicone resin.
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Figure 11. Raman shifts of wear debris of PAO4 and PAO4 + silicone resin in the lubrication liquid after the tribological test.
Figure 11. Raman shifts of wear debris of PAO4 and PAO4 + silicone resin in the lubrication liquid after the tribological test.
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Figure 12. (a) Bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) micrograph of PAO4 at 75 °C. (b) C element mapping, where C concentration is calculated to be 50.08 wt.%. (c) O element mapping, where O is measured to be 49.72 wt.%. (d) Fe element mapping, where Fe is calculated to be 0.12 wt.%. (e) Si element mapping, where Si is calculated to be 0.08 wt.%.
Figure 12. (a) Bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) micrograph of PAO4 at 75 °C. (b) C element mapping, where C concentration is calculated to be 50.08 wt.%. (c) O element mapping, where O is measured to be 49.72 wt.%. (d) Fe element mapping, where Fe is calculated to be 0.12 wt.%. (e) Si element mapping, where Si is calculated to be 0.08 wt.%.
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Figure 13. (a) Bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) micrograph of PAO4 + 0.02 wt% silicone resin coating at 75 °C. (b) C element mapping, where C concentration is calculated to be 57 wt.%. (c) O element mapping, where O is measured to be 11.88 wt.%. (d) Fe element mapping, where Fe is calculated to be 0.43 wt.%. (e) Si element mapping, where Si is calculated to be 24.70 wt.%.
Figure 13. (a) Bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) micrograph of PAO4 + 0.02 wt% silicone resin coating at 75 °C. (b) C element mapping, where C concentration is calculated to be 57 wt.%. (c) O element mapping, where O is measured to be 11.88 wt.%. (d) Fe element mapping, where Fe is calculated to be 0.43 wt.%. (e) Si element mapping, where Si is calculated to be 24.70 wt.%.
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Figure 14. Schematic diagram of the possible tribomechanism of silicon resin in PAO4.
Figure 14. Schematic diagram of the possible tribomechanism of silicon resin in PAO4.
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Table 1. Physicochemical parameters of polyalphaolefin.
Table 1. Physicochemical parameters of polyalphaolefin.
ParametersDensity (15 °C, g/cm3)Dynamic Viscosity (mm2/s)
40 °C		Dynamic Viscosity (mm2/s)
100 °C		Viscosity IndexPour Point (°C)Flash Point (°C)Acid Value (mgKOH/g)
0.819016.83.85123−58220≤0.03
Table 2. Element composition of worn steel surface.
Table 2. Element composition of worn steel surface.
LubricantElement Composition (%)
FeCOSiCr
25 °CPAO89.717.371.200.261.45
PAO+Silicone resin92.813.221.830.781.36
50 °CPAO94.852.810.690.191.46
PAO+Silicone resin89.034.933.421.161.45
75 °CPAO93.683.421.200.211.45
PAO+Silicone resin84.088.854.101.591.38
100 °CPAO89.065.603.680.231.44
PAO+Silicone resin88.564.584.241.211.21
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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, H.; He, Z.; Xiong, L.; Qian, L.; Li, L.; Long, Q. Investigating the Anti-Wear Behavior of Polyalphaolefin Oil with Methyl Silicon Resin Using Advanced Analytical Techniques. Lubricants 2024, 12, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120416

AMA Style

Wang H, He Z, Xiong L, Qian L, Li L, Long Q. Investigating the Anti-Wear Behavior of Polyalphaolefin Oil with Methyl Silicon Resin Using Advanced Analytical Techniques. Lubricants. 2024; 12(12):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120416

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Haiyang, Zhongyi He, Liping Xiong, Liang Qian, Lili Li, and Qiyang Long. 2024. "Investigating the Anti-Wear Behavior of Polyalphaolefin Oil with Methyl Silicon Resin Using Advanced Analytical Techniques" Lubricants 12, no. 12: 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120416

APA Style

Wang, H., He, Z., Xiong, L., Qian, L., Li, L., & Long, Q. (2024). Investigating the Anti-Wear Behavior of Polyalphaolefin Oil with Methyl Silicon Resin Using Advanced Analytical Techniques. Lubricants, 12(12), 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120416

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