Comparative Study on the Lubrication of Ti3C2TX MXene and Graphene Oxide Nanofluids for Titanium Alloys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment
2.1. Nanofluid Preparation
2.2. Experimental Setup and Materials
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Lubrication Properties of Ti3C2TX MXene and Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanoparticles with Different Concentrations
3.2. Lubrication Mechanisms
3.3. Lubricating Properties of MXene with Different Types of Surfactants
4. Conclusions
- Both Ti3C2TX MXene and GO monolayer 2D nanoparticles could reduce the COF and wear volume of the CSS water solution, which could be used in the base stock to improve the lubricity of titanium alloys. But the boundary lubrication performances of Ti3C2TX MXene and GO have some differences. The average COFs of GO and Ti3C2TX MXene were 0.155 and 0.179, respectively. The wear volume lubricated by GO was smaller than that of Ti3C2TX MXene. Moreover, the adhesive wear was reduced and good surface quality was achieved by lubricating by GO nanofluid. GO exhibited better lubrication and anti-wear ability than Ti3C2TX MXene nanofluid;
- The XPS analysis showed that more TiO2 was generated inside the wear scar lubricated by Ti3C2TX MXene nanofluid, which was degraded by the MXene nanoparticles. The aggregation and generated TiO2 accelerated the wear of titanium alloy. Moreover, the adhesion behavior of nanoflakes affected the lubricating properties of GO and Ti3C2TX MXene. GO nanofluid can form a more uniform and stable friction layer between the frictional interface, which reduces the friction coefficient and decreases the adhesive wear;
- The effect of different types of surfactants on MXene nanofluids was investigated. Nonionic surfactants had little effect on friction reduction and antiwear capabilities and the addition of OP-10 to MXene even promoted the wear of the titanium alloys. Anionic surfactants could reduce the COF and wear volume to a small extent. Only the cationic surfactant 1613 minimized the COF to 0.152 and reduced the wear volume by 55.2%. The dispersion of MXene nanoparticles was promoted by the cationic surfactant due to the strong electrostatic attraction force.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CSS | Castor oil sulfated sodium salt |
APE-10 | Alkylphenol ethoxylates |
OP-10 | Octaphenyl polyoxyethylene |
SDBS | Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate |
SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
1631 | Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride |
MR | relative molecular mass |
HLB | hydrophilic-lipophilic balance |
References
- Dong, H. Tribological properties of titanium-based alloys. In Surface Engineering of Light Alloys; Woodhead Publishing: Sawston, UK, 2010; pp. 58–80. [Google Scholar]
- Gupta, M.K.; Etri, H.E.; Korkmaz, M.E.; Ross, N.S.; Krolczyk, G.M.; Gawlik, J.; Yaşar, N.; Pimenov, D.Y. Tribological and surface morphological characteristics of titanium alloys: A review. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 2022, 22, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Martínez, E.; Miguel, V.; Martínez-Martínez, A.; Manjabacas, M.C.; Coello, J. Sustainable lubrication methods for the machining of titanium alloys: An overview. Materials 2019, 12, 3852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Dai, Y.; Luo, J. Tribological properties of titanium alloys under lubrication of SEE oil and aqueous solutions. Tribol. Int. 2017, 109, 40–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sujith, S.V.; Mulik, R.S. Surface integrity and flank wear response under pure coconut oil-Al2O3 nano minimum quantity lubrication turning of Al-7079/7 wt%-TiC in situ metal matrix composites. J. Tribol. 2022, 144, 051701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yi, M.; Qiu, J.; Xu, W. Tribological performance of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets in formulated engine oil and possible friction mechanism at elevated temperatures. Tribol. Int. 2022, 167, 107426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borgaonkar, A.V.; Potdar, S.B.; Kale, S. Mechanical and tribological characteristics of two-Dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. In New Advances in Materials Technologies; Apple Academic Press: Palm Bay, FL, USA, 2024; pp. 105–121. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X.; Ren, T.; Li, Z. Recent advances of two-dimensional lubricating materials: From tunable tribological properties to applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 9239–9269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chimene, D.; Alge, D.L.; Gaharwar, A.K. Two-dimensional nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Emerging trends and future prospects. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 7261–7284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manu, B.R.; Gupta, A.; Jayatissa, A.H. Tribological properties of 2D materials and composites—A review of recent advances. Materials 2021, 14, 1630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szabó, T.; Szeri, A.; Dékány, I. Composite graphitic nanolayers prepared by self-assembly between finely dispersed graphite oxide and a cationic polymer. Carbon 2005, 43, 87–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinoshita, H.; Nishina, Y.; Alias, A.A.; Fujii, M. Tribological properties of monolayer graphene oxide sheets as water-based lubricant additives. Carbon 2014, 66, 720–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senatore, A.; D’Agostino, V.; Petrone, V.; Ciambelli, P.; Sarno, M. Graphene oxide nanosheets as effective friction modifier for oil lubricant: Materials, methods, and tribological results. Int. Sch. Res. Not. 2013, 2013, 425809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, H.J.; Li, N. Frictional behavior of oxide graphene nanosheets as water-base lubricant additive. Appl. Phys. A 2011, 105, 827–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, P.; Wani, M.F. Tribological characterisation of graphene oxide as lubricant additive on hypereutectic Al-25Si/steel tribopair. Tribol. Trans. 2018, 61, 335–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naguib, M.; Come, J.; Dyatkin, B.; Presser, V.; Taberna, P.L.; Simon, P.; Barsoum, M.W.; Gogotsi, Y. MXene: A promising transition metal carbide anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 2012, 16, 61–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Ma, H.; Liu, Y.; Xie, Z.; Fan, Z. MXene-based humidity-responsive actuators: Preparation and properties. ChemPlusChem 2021, 86, 406–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, Y.; Sun, T.; Xie, X.; Jiang, W.; Li, J.; Tian, B.; Su, C. Oxygen-functionalized ultrathin Ti3C2Tx MXene for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. ChemPlusChem 2019, 12, 1368–1373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hope, M.A.; Forse, A.C.; Griffith, K.J.; Lukatskaya, M.R.; Ghidiu, M.; Gogotsi, Y.; Grey, C.P. NMR reveals the surface functionalisation of Ti3C2 MXene. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 5099–5102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halim, J.; Cook, K.M.; Naguib, M.; Eklund, P.; Gogotsi, Y.; Rosen, J.; Barsoum, M.W. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes). Appl. Surf. Sci. 2016, 362, 406–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boidi, G.; de Queiróz, J.C.F.; Profito, F.J.; Rosenkranz, A. Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets as lubricant additives to lower friction under high loads, sliding ratios, and elevated temperatures. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2022, 6, 729–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, X.; Guo, Y.; Wang, D.; Xu, Q. Nano friction and adhesion properties on Ti3C2 and Nb2C MXene studied by AFM. Tribol. Int. 2021, 153, 106646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, X.; Jin, J.; Chen, X.; Rosenkranz, A.; Luo, J. Ultra-wear-resistant MXene-based composite coating via in situ formed nanostructured tribofilm. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 32569–32576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, X.; Xue, M.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z.; Luo, G.; Huang, Z.; Sui, X.; Li, C. Preparation and tribological properties of Ti3C2(OH)2 nanosheets as additives in base oil. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 2762–2767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Dong, S.; Ye, Z.; Wei, Y. Synthesis and tribological property of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. J. Mater. Sci. 2017, 52, 2200–2209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lian, W.; Mai, Y.; Liu, C.; Zhang, L.; Li, S.; Jie, X. Two-dimensional Ti3C2 coating as an emerging protective solid-lubricant for tribology. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, 20154–20162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arjun, A.M.; Shinde, M.; Slaughter, G. Application of MXene in the electrochemical detection of neurotransmitters: A review. IEEE Sens. J. 2023, 23, 16456–16466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, M.Q.; Xie, X.; Ren, C.E.; Makaryan, T.; Anasori, B.; Wang, G.; Gogotsi, Y. Hollow MXene spheres and 3D macroporous MXene frameworks for Na-ion storage. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdelrazik, A.S.; Tan, K.H.; Aslfattahi, N.; Arifutzzaman, A.; Saidur, R.; Al-Sulaiman, F.A. Optical, stability and energy performance of water-based MXene nanofluids in hybrid PV/thermal solar systems. Sol. Energy 2020, 204, 32–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tu, S.; Li, J.; Zhang, X.; Liu, X.; Tang, J. Effect of surfactants on the morphology of ferroelectric crystals grown from MXene. AIP Adv. 2021, 11, 115121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, H.T.; Chung, K.H. Assessment of tribological properties of Ti3C2 as a water-based lubricant additive. Materials 2020, 13, 5545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenkranz, A.; Liu, Y.; Yang, L.; Chen, L. 2D nano-materials beyond graphene: From synthesis to tribological studies. Appl. Nanosci. 2020, 10, 3353–3388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marian, M.; Berman, D.; Rota, A.; Jackson, R.L.; Rosenkranz, A. Layered 2D nanomaterials to tailor friction and wear in machine elements—A review. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 9, 2101622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, Q.; Yang, J.; Dou, M.; Zou, S.; Wei, L.; Huang, F. Modified Ti3C2Tx MXene/GO Nanohybrids: An efficient lubricating additive for tribological applications. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2023, 49, 10349–10361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Macknojia, A.Z.; Ayyagari, A.; Shevchenko, E.; Berman, D. MXene/graphene oxide nanocomposites for friction and wear reduction of rough steel surfaces. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 11057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yi, S.; Mo, J.; Ding, S. Experimental investigation on the performance and mechanism of graphene oxide nanofluids in turning Ti-6Al-4V. J. Manuf. Process. 2019, 43, 164–174. [Google Scholar]
- Sadeghi, M.; Kharaziha, M.; Salimijazi, H.R. Double layer graphene oxide-PVP coatings on the textured Ti6Al4V for improvement of frictional and biological behavior. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2019, 374, 656–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Dai, Y.; Luo, J. Lubricity and adsorption of castor oil sulfated sodium salt emulsion solution on titanium alloy. Tribol. Lett. 2019, 67, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sartori, S.; Ghiotti, A.; Bruschi, S. Solid lubricant-assisted minimum quantity lubrication and cooling strategies to improve Ti6Al4V machinability in finishing turning. Tribol. Int. 2018, 118, 287–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Luan, H.; Liu, F.; Si, L.; Yan, H.; Zhang, C. Investigation of the lubrication performance of γ-Al2O3/ZnO hybrid nanofluids for titanium alloy. Metals 2023, 13, 1701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yi, S.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.; Ge, X.; Zhang, J.; Luo, J. In-situ formation of tribofilm with Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoflakes triggers macroscale superlubricity. Tribol. Int. 2021, 154, 106695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marian, M.; Almqvist, A.; Rosenkranz, A.; Fillon, M. Numerical micro-texture optimization for lubricated contacts—A critical discussion. Friction 2022, 10, 1772–1809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Li, S.; Bai, P.; Jia, W.; Xu, Q.; Meng, Y.; Ma, L.; Tian, Y. Surface wettability effect on aqueous lubrication: Van der Waals and hydration force competition induced adhesive friction. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 599, 667–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsu, S.M. Molecular basis of lubrication. Tribol. Int. 2004, 37, 553–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.; Shang, T.; Deng, Y.; Tao, Y.; Yang, Q.H. The assembly of MXenes from 2D to 3D. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 1903077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, W.; Song, Q.; Liu, K.; Zhang, Q.; Tao, Z.; Ye, J. Comparative study on boundary lubrication of Ti3C2T x MXene and graphene oxide in water. Friction 2023, 11, 1641–1659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, Z.; Bing, N.; Zhu, X.; Xie, H.; Yu, W. Ti3C2Tx MXene contained nanofluids with high thermal conductivity, super colloidal stability and low viscosity. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 406, 126390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, T.; Li, C.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, M.; Jia, D.; Jin, T.; Hou, Y.; Li, R. Dispersing mechanism and tribological performance of vegetable oil-based CNT nanofluids with different surfactants. Tribol. Int. 2019, 131, 51–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Y.; Wang, D.; Bai, T.; Liu, H.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, C.; Shen, C. Electrostatic self-assembled NiFe2O4/Ti3C2Tx MXene nanocomposites for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption at ultralow loading level. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 2021, 4, 602–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eftekhari, M.; Schwarzenberger, K.; Javadi, A.; Eckert, K. The influence of negatively charged silica nanoparticles on the surface properties of anionic surfactants: Electrostatic repulsion or the effect of ionic strength. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22, 2238–2248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elimelech, M.; Gregory, J.; Jia, X. Particle Deposition and Aggregation: Measurement, Modelling and Simulation; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Fan, B.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, P.; Wei, Y.; Qiao, N.; Yang, B.; Soomro, R.A.; Zhang, R.; Xu, B. Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on stability of MXene aqueous dispersion. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2300273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, T.; Zhang, C.; Luo, J. Macroscale superlubricity enabled by hydrated alkali metal ions. Langmuir 2018, 34, 11281–11291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Javadian, S.; Kakemam, J. Intermicellar interaction in surfactant solutions: A review study. J. Mol. Liquids 2017, 242, 115–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Property | Graphene Oxide | Ti3C2TX MXene |
---|---|---|
Purity | 99% | 99.9% |
Diameter | 500 nm–5 µm | 500 nm–2 µm |
Thickness | 0.8–1.2 nm | 1 nm |
Number of layers | monolayer | monolayer |
Thermal conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 10–100 | 2 |
Viscosity(mPa·s) | <100 | 240 |
Density (g/cm3) | \ | 3.43 |
N | C | H | Fe | O | Al | V | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5.5–6.75 | 3.5–4.5 | Remaining |
Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Hardness (VHN) | Young’s Modulus (GPa at 20 °C) | Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
1230 | 1060 | 315 | 113.8 | 0.34 |
Surfactant | Alkylphenol Ethoxylates | Octaphenyl Polyoxyethylene | Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate | Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate | Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MR | − | 646 | 348.48 | 288.38 | 320 |
HLB | 13.2 | 14.5 | 10.638 | 40 | 15.8 |
Type | nonionic | nonionic | anionic | anionic | cationic |
Physical state | liquid | liquid | liquid | liquid | liquid |
Chemical molecular formula |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tian, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Si, L.; Yan, H.; Dou, Z.; Liu, F.; Meng, Y. Comparative Study on the Lubrication of Ti3C2TX MXene and Graphene Oxide Nanofluids for Titanium Alloys. Lubricants 2024, 12, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12080285
Tian Y, Yang Y, Zhao H, Si L, Yan H, Dou Z, Liu F, Meng Y. Comparative Study on the Lubrication of Ti3C2TX MXene and Graphene Oxide Nanofluids for Titanium Alloys. Lubricants. 2024; 12(8):285. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12080285
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Yaru, Ye Yang, Heyi Zhao, Lina Si, Hongjuan Yan, Zhaoliang Dou, Fengbin Liu, and Yanan Meng. 2024. "Comparative Study on the Lubrication of Ti3C2TX MXene and Graphene Oxide Nanofluids for Titanium Alloys" Lubricants 12, no. 8: 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12080285