Digital Competencies in Verifying Fake News: Assessing the Knowledge and Abilities of Journalism Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Disinformation in the Digital Environment
1.2. Mechanisms and Tools to Fight Disinformation
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Experiment
3.2. Conceptualisation of Disinformation
3.3. Severity of Disinformation Strategies
3.4. Origin and Circulation of Fake News
3.5. Importance of Verification and Fact-Checking Practices
3.6. Perception of Digital Competencies for Verification
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Theoretical Contributions
4.2. Limitations of This Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Total | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | M | W | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deception through the impersonation of reliable sources. | Not serious | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
Slightly serious | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | |
Serious | 2.6 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.4 | 4.1 | 1.5 | |
Quite serious | 15.0 | 13.5 | 14.0 | 12.2 | 20.4 | 15.5 | 14.6 | |
Very serious | 81.5 | 82.4 | 86.0 | 87.8 | 70.4 | 79.4 | 83.1 | |
Manipulation of photos, videos, or official documents. | Not serious | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Slightly serious | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 | |
Serious | 9.3 | 6.8 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 8.5 | |
Quite serious | 18.9 | 20.3 | 16.0 | 18.4 | 20.4 | 19,6 | 18.5 | |
Very serious | 71.4 | 73.0 | 74.0 | 71.4 | 66.7 | 70,1 | 72.3 | |
Deception based on the fabrication of content. | Not serious | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Slightly serious | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 2.3 | |
Serious | 7.9 | 9.5 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 13.0 | 11.3 | 5.4 | |
Quite serious | 28.2 | 32.4 | 28.0 | 26.5 | 24.1 | 30.9 | 26.2 | |
Very serious | 62.6 | 56.8 | 66.0 | 71.4 | 59.3 | 57.7 | 66.2 | |
Biassed interpretations of images or content (conspiracy theories). | Not serious | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Slightly serious | 4.0 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 8.2 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 3.1 | |
Serious | 14.1 | 16.2 | 14.0 | 12.2 | 13.0 | 17.5 | 11.5 | |
Quite serious | 37.0 | 35.1 | 34.0 | 32.7 | 46.3 | 38.1 | 36.2 | |
Very serious | 44.9 | 47.3 | 48.0 | 46.9 | 37.0 | 39.2 | 49.2 | |
Lies about the location or date of a certain event. | Not serious | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Slightly serious | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 3.8 | |
Serious | 20.7 | 23.0 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 18.5 | 27.8 | 15.4 | |
Quite serious | 30.8 | 35.1 | 30.0 | 22.4 | 33.3 | 25.8 | 34.6 | |
Very serious | 45.8 | 39.2 | 48.0 | 53.1 | 46.3 | 45.4 | 46.2 | |
Decontextualization of facts, statements, photos, or videos. | Not serious | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Slightly serious | 4.4 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 6,1 | 3,7 | 3.1 | 5.4 | |
Serious | 29.1 | 33.8 | 24.0 | 28.6 | 27.8 | 29.9 | 28.5 | |
Quite serious | 33.9 | 39.2 | 38.0 | 26.5 | 29.6 | 29.9 | 36.9 | |
Very serious | 32.6 | 20.3 | 38.0 | 38.8 | 38.9 | 37.1 | 29.2 | |
Clickbait (use of headlines or images that do not correspond to the content). | Not serious | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
Slightly serious | 11.9 | 13.5 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 16.7 | 15.5 | 9.2 | |
Serious | 43.6 | 35.1 | 44.0 | 46.9 | 51.9 | 42.3 | 44.6 | |
Quite serious | 32.6 | 41.9 | 38.0 | 28.6 | 18.5 | 32.0 | 33.1 | |
Very serious | 11.5 | 8.1 | 10.0 | 16.3 | 13.0 | 10.3 | 12.3 | |
Reuse of old photos or videos from other places. | Not serious | 5.3 | 8.1 | 2.0 | 8.2 | 1.9 | 7.2 | 3.8 |
Slightly serious | 24.7 | 16.2 | 28.0 | 24.5 | 33.3 | 26.8 | 23.1 | |
Serious | 28.2 | 29.7 | 24.0 | 26.5 | 31.5 | 24.7 | 30.8 | |
Quite serious | 24.2 | 29.7 | 24.0 | 22.4 | 18.5 | 24.7 | 23.8 | |
Very serious | 17.6 | 16.2 | 22.0 | 18.4 | 14.8 | 16.5 | 18.5 | |
Exaggeration based on a fact or data linked to the truth. | Not serious | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 0.8 |
Slightly serious | 20.7 | 25.7 | 14.0 | 24.5 | 16.7 | 22.7 | 19.2 | |
Serious | 51.1 | 43.2 | 58.0 | 57.1 | 50.0 | 47.4 | 53.8 | |
Quite serious | 20.7 | 21.6 | 26.0 | 12.2 | 22.2 | 18.6 | 22.3 | |
Very serious | 6.2 | 8.1 | 2.0 | 6.1 | 7.4 | 9.3 | 3.8 | |
Jokes, satire, or parody. | Not serious | 34.8 | 36.5 | 30.0 | 34.7 | 37.0 | 45.4 | 26.9 |
Slightly serious | 37.9 | 31.1 | 34.0 | 46.9 | 37.9 | 30.9 | 43.1 | |
Serious | 18.1 | 21.6 | 18.0 | 16.3 | 18.1 | 12.4 | 22.3 | |
Quite serious | 6.6 | 9.5 | 14.0 | 0.0 | 6.6 | 9.3 | 4.6 | |
Very serious | 2.6 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 3.1 |
Total | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | M | W | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consult expert sources and documentary sources. | Not important at all | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Of little importance | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 2.3 | |
Of average importance | 6.6 | 8.1 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 5.4 | |
Very important | 38.1 | 31.1 | 40.0 | 35.4 | 48.1 | 37.1 | 38.8 | |
Absolutely essential | 54.0 | 59.5 | 54.0 | 60.4 | 40.7 | 54.6 | 53.5 | |
Consult official sources, impersonated, or cited in fake content. | Not important at all | 1.3 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
Of little importance | 3.1 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 4.7 | |
Of average importance | 16.8 | 13.5 | 12.0 | 29.2 | 14.8 | 13.4 | 19.4 | |
Very important | 35.0 | 36.5 | 32.0 | 29.2 | 40.7 | 42.3 | 29.5 | |
Absolutely essential | 43.8 | 44.6 | 50.0 | 39.6 | 40.7 | 42.3 | 45.0 | |
Consult the original source of the manipulated content or out of context content. | Not important at all | 3.5 | 5.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.1 |
Of little importance | 3.1 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 7.4 | 4.1 | 2.3 | |
Of average importance | 14.2 | 12.2 | 16.0 | 16.7 | 13.0 | 10.3 | 17.1 | |
Very important | 40.7 | 37.8 | 36.0 | 58.3 | 33.3 | 44.3 | 38.0 | |
Absolutely essential | 38.5 | 43.2 | 44.0 | 20.8 | 42.6 | 37.1 | 39.5 | |
Use of computer tools to verify the age of photos and videos. | Not important at all | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
Of little importance | 6.2 | 8.1 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 3.7 | 6.2 | 6.2 | |
Of average importance | 35.4 | 43.2 | 34.0 | 29.2 | 31.5 | 37.1 | 34.1 | |
Very important | 36.3 | 29.7 | 36.0 | 45.8 | 37.0 | 39.2 | 34.1 | |
Absolutely essential | 21.7 | 17.6 | 24.0 | 18.8 | 27.8 | 16.5 | 25.6 | |
Consult fact-checking services in the country of origin of the fake. | Not important at all | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 0.0 |
Of little importance | 10.2 | 17.6 | 6.0 | 2.1 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 10.1 | |
Of average importance | 31.0 | 43.2 | 28.0 | 31.3 | 16.7 | 35.1 | 27.9 | |
Very important | 37.2 | 31.1 | 44.0 | 39.6 | 37.0 | 40.2 | 34.9 | |
Absolutely essential | 20.8 | 8.1 | 22.0 | 25.0 | 33.3 | 12.4 | 27.1 | |
Use of computer tools to verify the geolocation of an event. | Not important at all | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 |
Of little importance | 10.2 | 9.5 | 2.0 | 12.5 | 16.7 | 10.3 | 10.1 | |
Of average importance | 38.5 | 45.9 | 42.0 | 31.3 | 31.5 | 36.1 | 40.3 | |
Very important | 35.8 | 33.8 | 42.0 | 39.6 | 29.6 | 41.2 | 31.8 | |
Absolutely essential | 14.6 | 10.8 | 14.0 | 16.7 | 18.5 | 11.3 | 17.1 | |
Use of computer tools to track suspicious user accounts. | Not important at all | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 2.3 |
Of little importance | 17.3 | 20.3 | 20.0 | 12.5 | 14.8 | 18.6 | 16.3 | |
Of average importance | 36.3 | 35.1 | 46.0 | 31.3 | 33.3 | 38.1 | 34.9 | |
Very important | 25.2 | 25.7 | 20.0 | 37.5 | 18.5 | 24.7 | 25.6 | |
Absolutely essential | 19.5 | 17.6 | 14.0 | 16.7 | 29.6 | 17.5 | 20.9 | |
Consult other media. | Not important at all | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
Of little importance | 13.7 | 6.8 | 12.0 | 25.0 | 14.8 | 16.5 | 11.6 | |
Of average importance | 39.8 | 40.5 | 42.0 | 33.3 | 42.6 | 43.3 | 37.2 | |
Very important | 35.8 | 44.6 | 32.0 | 29.2 | 33.3 | 30.9 | 39.5 | |
Absolutely essential | 10.2 | 8.1 | 14.0 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 11.6 |
Total | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | M | W | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Journalistic attitudes: curiosity, analysis, reflection, critical thinking, honesty, etc. | None | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Little | 1.3 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.6 | |
Indeterminate | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 7.8 | |
Quite | 53.1 | 52.7 | 52.0 | 60.4 | 48,1 | 62.9 | 45.7 | |
A lot | 38,5 | 40,5 | 40,0 | 31,3 | 40.7 | 29.9 | 45.0 | |
Social skills and emotional thinking (communication, empathy). | None | 0.9 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 |
Little | 2.2 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 1.6 | |
Indeterminate | 9.8 | 6.8 | 12.5 | 10.4 | 11.1 | 16.5 | 4.7 | |
Quite | 49.6 | 51.4 | 45.8 | 56.3 | 44.4 | 54.6 | 45.7 | |
A lot | 37.5 | 39.2 | 39.6 | 31.3 | 38.9 | 24.7 | 47.2 | |
Ability to work collaboratively and in multidisciplinary teams. | None | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 0.8 |
Little | 2.2 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 0.8 | |
Indeterminate | 17.8 | 15.1 | 14.0 | 22.9 | 20.4 | 20.8 | 15.5 | |
Quite | 44.4 | 49.3 | 48.0 | 41.7 | 37.0 | 43.8 | 45.0 | |
A lot | 34.2 | 30.1 | 34.0 | 35.4 | 38.9 | 29.2 | 38.0 | |
Ability to be flexible and adapt quickly to changes. | None | 0.4 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
Little | 4.4 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 3.7 | 6.2 | 3.1 | |
Indeterminate | 16.8 | 21.6 | 8.0 | 20.8 | 14.8 | 20.6 | 14.0 | |
Quite | 48.7 | 45.9 | 54.0 | 47.9 | 48.1 | 45.4 | 51.2 | |
A lot | 29.6 | 25.7 | 36.0 | 25.0 | 33.3 | 27.8 | 31.0 | |
Ability to enjoy learning and take advantage of the opportunities offered by the digital environment. | None | 1.3 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
Little | 4.4 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 9.3 | 4.1 | 4.7 | |
Indeterminate | 14.6 | 10.8 | 8.0 | 25.0 | 16.7 | 16.5 | 13.2 | |
Quite | 52.7 | 60.8 | 54.0 | 45.8 | 46.3 | 60.8 | 46.5 | |
A lot | 27.0 | 24.3 | 32.0 | 27.1 | 25.9 | 17.5 | 34.1 | |
Knowledge of the basic principles and practices of journalism: credibility, impartiality, objectivity, etc. | None | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
Little | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | |
Indeterminate | 11.9 | 16.2 | 12.0 | 14.6 | 3.7 | 15.5 | 9.3 | |
Quite | 68.6 | 67.6 | 76.0 | 68.8 | 63.0 | 68.0 | 69.0 | |
A lot | 17.3 | 14.9 | 10.0 | 16.7 | 27.8 | 14.4 | 19.4 | |
Continuous learning and rapid updating in the use of new computer tools. | None | 1.8 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 2.3 |
Little | 4.4 | 5.4 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 3.1 | |
Indeterminate | 22.1 | 21.6 | 22.0 | 18.8 | 25.9 | 24.7 | 20.2 | |
Quite | 47.3 | 50.0 | 46.0 | 50.0 | 42.6 | 47.4 | 47.3 | |
A lot | 24.3 | 23.0 | 28.0 | 22.9 | 24.1 | 20.6 | 27.1 | |
Ability to innovate and be creative. | None | 0.4 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
Little | 8.0 | 8.1 | 6.0 | 8.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 7.0 | |
Indeterminate | 23.5 | 18.9 | 22.0 | 25.0 | 29.6 | 29.9 | 18.6 | |
Quite | 42.0 | 47.3 | 46.0 | 39.6 | 33.3 | 43.3 | 41.1 | |
A lot | 26.1 | 25.7 | 24.0 | 27.1 | 27.8 | 17.5 | 32.6 | |
Mastery in the use of computer applications useful for verification. | None | 7.2 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 13.0 | 7.4 | 3.2 | 10.2 |
Little | 27.8 | 32.4 | 26.5 | 26.1 | 24.1 | 29.5 | 26.6 | |
Indeterminate | 32.7 | 33.8 | 34.7 | 26.1 | 35.2 | 28.4 | 35.9 | |
Quite | 29.1 | 25.7 | 30.6 | 34.8 | 27.8 | 33.7 | 25.8 | |
A lot | 3.1 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 1.6 | |
Specialised knowledge in data journalism, big data, and algorithms. | None | 7.5 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 5.2 | 9.3 |
Little | 37.2 | 32.4 | 46.0 | 41.7 | 31.5 | 38.1 | 36.4 | |
Indeterminate | 40.7 | 45.9 | 42.0 | 37.5 | 35.2 | 40.2 | 41.1 | |
Quite | 12.4 | 12.2 | 4.0 | 10.4 | 22.2 | 12.4 | 12.4 | |
A lot | 2.2 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 0.8 |
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Questions | Type | Sources |
---|---|---|
Case to solve | Experiment | |
Concept of disinformation | Multiple choice | [47] |
Have you ever received/found a hoax or false content? | Dichotomous | |
Have you ever received/found a hoax or false content about COVID-19? | Dichotomous | |
When you have been sent a hoax or false content, who did it? | Multiple choice | |
Severity attributed to different disinformation strategies (10 statements) | Five-point Likert scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.75; M = 3.81 SD = 2.722) | [30,36,39,45] |
Platforms that contribute the most to the spread of disinformation | Multiple choice | |
Importance of fact-checking practices (8 statements) | Five-point Likert scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.76; M = 3.81 SD = 1.031) | [30,93] |
Knowledge, skills, and abilities for verifying information (10 statements) | Five-point Likert scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.80; M = 3.80 SD = 1.650) | [6,8,9] |
Digital tools for verification known to students | Multiple choice |
Total | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | M | W | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I would not share it because I do not know who the source or author of the content is. | 44.2 | 43.2 | 29.4 | 48.0 | 55.4 | 45.9 | 42.9 |
I would look for this information in traditional media, and if it is published, I would give it credibility and share it with the link. | 42.0 | 41.9 | 58.8 | 40.0 | 28.6 | 32.7 | 48.9 |
I would share it because it is relevant information. | 4.3 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 8.0 | 3.6 | 6.1 | 3.0 |
I would share it if it came to me through a reliable contact. | 4.3 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 7.1 | 2.3 |
I would look for this information on social networks, and if I see that there are reactions and that it is interesting, I would share it on my accounts. | 3.5 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 1.5 |
I would not share it publicly, but I would share it with my closest WhatsApp groups because it is relevant information. | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 1.5 |
Total | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | M | W | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deliberate false information, disseminated for economic, ideological or other reasons (a) | 52.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 44.9 | 63.0 | 52.6 | 51.5 |
False information, transmitted with the conviction of its truth (b) | 42.7 | 44.6 | 44.0 | 55.1 | 27.8 | 43.3 | 42.3 |
True information of a private or restricted scope that is brought to light with the intention of harming a person, an institution, or a country and which, therefore, should not be published (c) | 5.3 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 9.3 | 4.1 | 6.2 |
Mean | SD | Gender X2—Sig. | Year X2—Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deception through the impersonation of reliable sources. | 4.77 | 0.559 | 0.422 | 0.020 ** |
Manipulation of photos, videos, or official documents. | 4.61 | 0.671 | 0.781 | 0.674 |
Deception based on the fabrication of content. | 4.52 | 0.700 | 0.299 | 0.093 |
Biassed interpretations of certain images or content to promote conspiracy theories. | 4.23 | 0.836 | 0.072 | 0.844 |
Lies about the location or date of a certain event. | 4.20 | 0.857 | 0.509 | 0.752 |
Decontextualization of facts, statements, photos, or videos. | 3.95 | 0.891 | 0.357 | 0.060 |
Clickbait (use of headlines or images that do not correspond to the content). | 3.43 | 0.861 | 0.397 | 0.443 |
Reuse of old photos or videos from other places. | 3.24 | 1.163 | 0.388 | 0.687 |
Exaggeration based on a fact or data linked to the truth. | 3.10 | 0.841 | 0.924 | 0.800 |
Jokes, satire, or parody. | 2.04 | 1.017 | 0.105 | 0.184 |
Mean | SD | Gender X2—Sig. | Year X2—Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Consult expert sources and documentary sources. | 4.45 | 0.679 | 0.745 | 0.171 |
Consult official sources, impersonated, or cited in fake content. | 4.17 | 0.908 | 0.323 | 0.807 |
Consult the original source of the manipulated content or out of context content. | 4.08 | 0.984 | 0.860 | 0.628 |
Use of computer tools to verify the age of photos and videos. | 3.73 | 0.887 | 0.204 | 0.147 |
Consult fact-checking services in the country of origin of the fake news. | 3.67 | 0.948 | 0.025 ** | 0.001 * |
Use of computer tools to verify the geolocation of an event. | 3.53 | 0.895 | 0.602 | 0.406 |
Use of computer tools to track suspicious user accounts. | 3.43 | 1.045 | 0.822 | 0.471 |
Consult other media. | 3.42 | 0.866 | 0.055 | 0.195 |
Mean | SD | Gender X2—Sig. | Year X2—Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Journalistic attitudes: curiosity, analysis, reflection, critical thinking, honesty, etc. | 4.29 | 0.654 | 0.157 | 0.762 |
Social skills and emotional thinking (communication, empathy) | 4.21 | 0.777 | 0.000 * | 0.820 |
Ability to work collaboratively and in multidisciplinary teams. | 4.08 | 0.852 | 0.030 ** | 0.930 |
Ability to be flexible and adapt quickly to changes. | 4.03 | 0.827 | 0.219 | 0.125 |
Ability to enjoy learning and take advantage of the opportunities offered by the digital environment. | 4.00 | 0.84 | 0.129 | 0.491 |
Knowledge of the basic principles and practices of journalism: credibility, impartiality, objectivity, etc. | 4.00 | 0.670 | 0.265 | 0.716 |
Continuous learning and rapid updating in the use of new computer tools. | 3.88 | 0.889 | 0.263 | 0.893 |
Ability to innovate and be creative. | 3.85 | 0.915 | 0.020 ** | 0.928 |
Mastery in the use of computer applications useful for verification. | 2.93 | 0.991 | 0.049 ** | 0.847 |
Specialised knowledge in data journalism, big data, and algorithms. | 2.65 | 0.874 | 0.260 | 0.118 |
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López-Meri, A.; Doménech-Fabregat, H.; Marcos-García, S. Digital Competencies in Verifying Fake News: Assessing the Knowledge and Abilities of Journalism Students. Societies 2024, 14, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14050066
López-Meri A, Doménech-Fabregat H, Marcos-García S. Digital Competencies in Verifying Fake News: Assessing the Knowledge and Abilities of Journalism Students. Societies. 2024; 14(5):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14050066
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Meri, Amparo, Hugo Doménech-Fabregat, and Silvia Marcos-García. 2024. "Digital Competencies in Verifying Fake News: Assessing the Knowledge and Abilities of Journalism Students" Societies 14, no. 5: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14050066