Exploring Social Skills in Students of Diverse Cultural Identities in Primary Education
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Validity and Reliability Test
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations and Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
City | Religion | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Seville | Christianity Islam Atheists | 84.2 1.1 14.7 |
Cadiz | Christianity Islam Atheists | 87.5 1.0 11.5 |
Huelva | Christianity Islam Atheists | 83.2 3.2 13.7 |
Malaga | Christianity Islam Atheists | 89.4 2.1 8.5 |
Granada | Christianity Atheists | 87.4 12.6 |
Cordoba | Christianity Islam Atheists | 92.6 1.1 6.3 |
Jaen | Christianity Islam Atheists | 81.3 8.3 10.4 |
Almeria | Christianity Islam Atheists | 83.2 9.5 7.3 |
Appendix B
City | Race | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Seville | African White Asian Nordic Indigenous | 1.1 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
Cadiz | African White Asian Nordic Indigenous | 1.0 99.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
Huelva | African White Asian Nordic Indigenous | 3.2 96.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
Malaga | African White Asian Nordic Indigenous | 2.1 97.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
Granada | African White Asian Nordic Indigenous | 0 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
Cordoba | African White Asian Nordic Indigenous | 1.1 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
Jaen | African White Asian Nordic Indigenous | 8.3 91.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
Almeria | African White Asian Nordic Indigenous | 9.5 90.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
Appendix C
Kolmogorov–Smirnov | |||
---|---|---|---|
Statistic | gl. | Sig. | |
Religion | 0.504 | 803 | 0.000 |
Ethnicity | 0.529 | 803 | 0.000 |
Race | 0.541 | 803 | 0.000 |
Appendix D
Dimension. Saying “No” or Cutting off Interactions | Religion | Ethnicity | Race | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christianity | Islam | Atheists | Gypsy | Castilian | African | White | |
Item 18. If a salesperson insists on showing me a product I do not want, I find it difficult to tell him/her that I do not want it. | 0.000 | 0.132 | 0.130 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Item 19. When I am in a hurry and a friend calls me on the phone, I have a hard time hanging up. | 0.000 | 0.578 | 0.023 | 0.100 | 0.000 | 0.578 | 0.000 |
Item 20. When I am asked to borrow my things, I lend them, even if I don’t want to or don’t like to. | 0.000 | 0.266 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.266 | 0.000 |
Item 21. I don’t know how to tell a friend who talks a lot to shut up. | 0.000 | 0.942 | 0.302 | 0.147 | 0.000 | 0.942 | 0.000 |
Item 22. When I decide I don’t feel like meeting a friend, I have a hard time telling them. | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.810 | 0.329 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Item 23. When a friend says he wants to play with me, I don’t know how to say “no” if I don’t feel like it. | 0.000 | 0.136 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.136 | 0.000 |
Item 24. I find it difficult to ask for the return of something I lent. | 0.000 | 0.620 | 0.623 | 0.410 | 0.000 | 0.620 | 0.000 |
Item 25. If a restaurant does not bring me the food as I ordered it, I find it difficult to ask for it to be made again. | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.043 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Appendix E
Dimension. Ability to Make Suggestions | Religion | Ethnicity | Race | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christianity | Islam | Atheists | Gypsy | Castilian | African | White | |
Item 2. I find it hard to ask a friend to play with me. | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.030 | 0.133 | 0.133 | 0.206 | 0.001 |
Item 6. I prefer to tell my mother or father to call my friend on the phone to talk to him over there, rather than talk to him in person. | 0.028 | 0.308 | 0.146 | 0.253 | 0.005 | 0.154 | 0.006 |
Item 7. I feel bad when someone tells me I look good. | 0.001 | 0.719 | 0.393 | 0.484 | 0.000 | 0.351 | 0.000 |
Item 8. I find it hard to talk when I am with a group of friends. | 0.000 | 0.319 | 0.085 | 0.045 | 0.000 | 0.159 | 0.000 |
Item 9. If I buy something and see that it is not right, I am ashamed to return it. | 0.034 | 0.232 | 0.048 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.116 | 0.000 |
Item 33. I am unable to ask a friend that I like very much. | 0.000 | 0.309 | 0.707 | 0.404 | 0.000 | 0.155 | 0.000 |
Appendix F
Dimension. Non-Opinion-Giving Skills | Religion | Ethnicity | Race | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christianity | Islam | Atheists | Gypsy | Castilian | African | White | |
Item 10. When in a store they serve first someone who came in after me, I don’t say anything. | 0.000 | 0.172 | 0.172 | 0.321 | 0.000 | 0.322 | 0.000 |
Item 11. If I’m at the movies and someone bothers me with their conversation, I find it hard to tell them to shut up. | 0.000 | 0.171 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.171 | 0.000 |
Item 12. I am unable to ask for a discount on something I am going to buy. | 0.000 | 0.483 | 0.289 | 0.345 | 0.000 | 0.483 | 0.000 |
Item 13. When someone “sneaks” into a line, I don’t say anything. | 0.000 | 0.360 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.360 | 0.000 |
Item 16. I find it difficult to express anger towards other people, even if I have reasons. | 0.000 | 0.225 | 0.299 | 0.265 | 0.000 | 0.225 | 0.000 |
Item 17. I prefer to keep quiet to avoid problems with other people. | 0.000 | 0.305 | 0.034 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.305 | 0.000 |
Item 31. I prefer to keep quiet to avoid problems with other people. | 0.000 | 0.311 | 0.214 | 0.426 | 0.000 | 0.310 | 0.000 |
Appendix G
Dimension. Skills to Express Emotions | Religion | Ethnicity | Race | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian | Islamic | Atheist | Gypsy | Castilian | African | White | |
Item 1. I am afraid of being laughed at when I ask a question. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.132 | 0.321 | 0.000 | 0.143 | 0.000 |
Item 3. I keep my opinions to myself. | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.031 | 0.236 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Item 4. I avoid meetings with many people for fear of doing or saying something foolish. | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.070 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.000 |
Item 5. I find it hard to say whether I am well or bad, whether I feel like laughing or crying. | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.323 | 0.325 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.005 |
Item 14. When a friend says something I don’t agree with, I don’t say anything, even if I think otherwise. | 0.000 | 0.234 | 0.372 | 0.332 | 0.000 | 0.234 | 0.000 |
Item 15. When a close relative bothers me, I prefer to hide my feelings. | 0.001 | 0.364 | 0.135 | 0.364 | 0.000 | 0.364 | 0.004 |
Item 32. If I meet a friend in the park, I never go over to talk to him/her. | 0.001 | 0.224 | 0.441 | 0.150 | 0.000 | 0.227 | 0.001 |
Appendix H
Dimension. Skills to Express Emotions | Religion | Ethnicity | Race | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian | Islamic | Atheist | Gypsy | Castilian | African | White | |
Item 1. I am afraid of being laughed at when I ask a question. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.132 | 0.321 | 0.000 | 0.143 | 0.000 |
Item 3. I keep my opinions to myself. | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.031 | 0.236 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Item 4. I avoid meetings with many people for fear of doing or saying something foolish. | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.070 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.000 |
Item 5. I find it hard to say whether I am well or bad, whether I feel like laughing or crying. | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.323 | 0.325 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.005 |
Item 14. When a friend says something I don’t agree with, I don’t say anything, even if I think otherwise. | 0.000 | 0.234 | 0.372 | 0.332 | 0.000 | 0.234 | 0.000 |
Item 15. When a close relative bothers me, I prefer to hide my feelings. | 0.001 | 0.364 | 0.135 | 0.364 | 0.000 | 0.364 | 0.004 |
Item 32. If I meet a friend in the park, I never go over to talk to him/her. | 0.001 | 0.224 | 0.441 | 0.150 | 0.000 | 0.227 | 0.001 |
Appendix I
Dimension. Ability to Relate to Others or Peers | Religion | Ethnicity | Race | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian | Islamic | Atheist | Gypsy | Castilian | African | White | |
Item 26. If I leave a shop and realise that I have been given the wrong change, I find it difficult to go back and ask for the correct change. | 0.000 | 0.182 | 0.431 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.146 | 0.000 |
Item 27. If a friend to whom I have lent money does not pay me back, I find it difficult to remind him. | 0.000 | 0.148 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.148 | 0.000 |
Item 28. I find it difficult to ask my friends for favours. | 0.000 | 0.133 | 0.107 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.133 | 0.000 |
Item 29. When I really like a friend, I don’t know what to say to him. | 0.000 | 0.284 | 0.236 | 0.286 | 0.000 | 0.284 | 0.000 |
Item 30. I don’t know how to tell my friend that he is very good at something. | 0.000 | 0.031 | 0.203 | 0.415 | 0.000 | 0.031 | 0.000 |
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Tomé-Fernández, M.; Aranda-Vega, E.M.; Ortiz-Marcos, J.M. Exploring Social Skills in Students of Diverse Cultural Identities in Primary Education. Societies 2024, 14, 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14090158
Tomé-Fernández M, Aranda-Vega EM, Ortiz-Marcos JM. Exploring Social Skills in Students of Diverse Cultural Identities in Primary Education. Societies. 2024; 14(9):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14090158
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomé-Fernández, María, Eva María Aranda-Vega, and José Manuel Ortiz-Marcos. 2024. "Exploring Social Skills in Students of Diverse Cultural Identities in Primary Education" Societies 14, no. 9: 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14090158