Physical Activity and Sport in Acculturation Processes in Immigrant Women: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Acculturation is a key process in the adaptation of immigrant women to their host countries, influenced by social, cultural, and structural factors. Physical activity and sport have been identified as potential tools to facilitate this transition, promoting social inclusion and cultural adaptation. This systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook, analyzed empirical and conceptual studies published in English since 2000 from Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and ERIC. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies examining the relationship between physical activity, sport, and acculturation in immigrant women, while excluding non-empirical research, studies focusing exclusively on men or children, and those published in languages other than English. A total of 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. Thematic analysis revealed four key dimensions: (1) the bidirectional relationship between acculturation and sport participation, (2) gender and cultural barriers, (3) socio-economic and structural determinants, and (4) the impact on health and psychosocial well-being. The review highlights the role of physical activity in fostering social capital and integration while identifying persistent barriers such as cultural norms, economic constraints, and policy limitations. Although findings support the positive impact of these activities, further research is needed to address intersectional challenges and structural inequalities.

1. Introduction

1.1. Immigration and Acculturation

Migration, an ever-growing global phenomenon, brings with it multiple challenges for immigrant women, who face cultural, social, and economic barriers in the process of adapting to new environments [1,2]. In this context, the concept of acculturation has been defined as a multidimensional process involving the interaction between cultural practices, values, and identifications from both the heritage culture and the receiving culture [3]. However, contemporary debates in migration studies call for a more critical perspective that interrogates these traditional frameworks. Critics argue that such models often overlook the influence of structural inequalities, colonial legacies, and power dynamics that shape migratory experiences [4,5]. This process is not static but rather dynamic and evolving over time, characterized by transitions that may increase susceptibility to various risk factors [6]. Additionally, acculturation entails modifications in beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors resulting from continuous contact between cultural groups [7]. From a psychological and sociocultural perspective, it is also understood as a process of cultural and psychological change that arises from ongoing interaction between individuals of different cultural backgrounds [8]. These definitions highlight the complexity of the phenomenon, emphasizing its dynamic nature and its impact on multiple dimensions of immigrants’ lives. Over the last decades, there has been extensive research on how various factors influence this process, highlighting the importance of participation in community and cultural activities [2,9].

Within the acculturation process, various strategies are identified that reflect how individuals interact with the majority culture while maintaining, to a greater or lesser extent, their original cultural identity [10,11]. These strategies include assimilation, in which immigrants predominantly adopt the values, norms, and practices of the host society; integration, which involves a balance between adopting elements of the new culture and preserving one’s own cultural identity; and marginalization, characterized by disconnection from both the culture of origin and the host society [10,12]. However, these strategies have been criticized for their individualistic approach, which frames acculturation as a personal choice made by immigrants without considering the broader sociopolitical and structural factors that shape these processes [4]. Aspects such as migration policies, structural discrimination, and exclusionary dynamics can significantly influence the actual possibilities for integration or marginalization [13], underscoring the need for a more critical framework that acknowledges both individual agency and systemic constraints [5].

In this framework, social inclusion is positioned as a key objective, defined by the active and equitable participation of immigrant women in the social, cultural, and economic spheres of their communities. This process not only promotes a sense of belonging and social cohesion but also facilitates the reduction of stigmas and barriers, enhancing their empowerment [1]. However, achieving meaningful inclusion and integration cannot be understood solely as the result of individual agency, as it is deeply influenced by structural inequalities, systemic discrimination, and historical power dynamics that shape access to opportunities and rights [14,15]. Addressing these complexities requires interventions that challenge exclusionary practices, promote mutual respect and cultural reciprocity, and acknowledge the role of migration policies and socio-economic structures in maintaining or reducing disparities [15].

Beyond these theoretical frameworks, contemporary migration policies and public discourses on integration often oscillate between assimilationist and intercultural approaches, shaping how immigrant women experience acculturation. While some policies emphasize the unilateral adaptation of migrants to the host society, frequently through restrictive regulations on cultural expressions such as religious dress codes in sports settings [16], others promote intercultural dialogue and mutual adaptation. However, a prevailing issue in migration studies is the tendency to focus on individual agency while overlooking the structural determinants that influence acculturation processes [17]. Factors such as spatial segregation, precarious employment, and institutionalized discrimination significantly constrain immigrants’ opportunities to engage in physical activity and sports [18,19]. Recognizing these systemic barriers is essential to move beyond a behavioral approach that places the responsibility for integration solely on immigrant women and instead advocates for policies that address the root causes of exclusion. This perspective will guide the present review, emphasizing the need to consider both individual agency and systemic constraints when analyzing the role of physical activity and sport in acculturation processes.

These divergent approaches to acculturation—ranging from assimilationist policies that demand one-way adaptation to intercultural and multidimensional perspectives that recognize the fluid and reciprocal nature of migration—are summarized in

Table 1. Different approaches to acculturation.

Assimilationist Approach	Intercultural Approach	Multi-Dimensional Approaches
Prioritises one-way adaptation	Encourages two-way negotiation	Recognises migration as a dynamic and transformative process that reshapes both migrants and host societies
Example: burkini restrictions [16]	Example: Multiculturalism, Sport and Physical Activity workshop [20]	Example: Transnational sport networks and migrant community initiatives [19,21]

Source: own elaboration.

.

1.2. Physical Activity and Sport as Tools for Acculturation

Physical activity and sport emerge as key tools to facilitate social inclusion and acculturation [22]. These practices, in addition to promoting physical and mental health, offer essential opportunities to establish social connections, learn cultural norms, and strengthen the sense of belonging in their new community. Research has shown that regular physical activity and sport can improve emotional well-being, foster social interaction, and lower cultural barriers [2,22]. However, scientific evidence on the specific impact of these activities on acculturation processes in immigrant women remains limited and scattered.

Previous studies, such as the one by [23], identified specific barriers faced by culturally and linguistically diverse migrant groups in Western societies to participate in physical activities. These barriers include cultural and religious beliefs, social relationships, socio-economic challenges, and environmental barriers, among others. On the other hand, research such as that of [24] indicates that participation in sports clubs can foster the social integration of people with a migrant background in Europe. Activities such as volunteering, participation in competitions, and team sports are positively associated with better social integration, highlighting the role of sport as a tool for inclusion and acculturation.

1.3. Migrant Women: Specific Challenges in Acculturation and Sport

In particular, many immigrant women encounter specific challenges that may limit their access to physical activity and sport. These challenges are often linked to the persistence of traditional gender roles, language barriers, and family dynamics, especially among those coming from societies with authoritarian regimes or highly patriarchal structures [25]. Research has found that discrimination based on race and language remains common, and immigrant women’s access to sports opportunities is restricted.

In addition, the spatial and institutional organisation of sport often reflects dominant cultural norms that exclude or marginalise minority women, particularly when facilities lack privacy or impose dress codes that conflict with religious practices.

To ensure inclusive and context-sensitive interventions, it is crucial to consider how programmes can be adapted to the diverse realities of immigrant women. This includes taking into account factors such as cultural background, socio-economic status, and age, which shape access and engagement in different ways across populations.

For instance, low-income immigrant women often face time poverty due to overlapping care and employment responsibilities, while younger women may experience tensions between the expectations of their families and the norms of the host society. These dynamics underscore the importance of applying an intersectional lens to understand how gender, class, migration status, and ethnicity interact to create specific constraints in different contexts.

Moreover, these challenges are not only individual but structural, rooted in policy gaps, urban segregation, and unequal access to public resources such as transportation or safe recreation spaces.

1.4. Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review is to analyse the existing literature on the relationship between physical activity, sport, and acculturation processes experienced by immigrant women in diverse socio-cultural contexts, with the aim of establishing a theoretical framework to guide future research and serve as a basis for the design of practical interventions [26,27].

1.5. Objectives

The objectives of this systematic review are to identify and analyse existing studies that explore the relationship between physical activity, sport, and acculturation processes in immigrant women. Specifically, the review aims to: (1) examine the outcomes reported in previous research regarding the impact of physical activity and sport on social inclusion and cultural adaptation; (2) assess differences in acculturation experiences based on varying levels of participation in these practices; and (3) include empirical studies employing qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods designs.

The research question guiding this systematic review is: “How does participation in physical activity and sport influence acculturation processes in immigrant women?”

Finally, this review seeks to determine the main barriers and facilitators influencing immigrant women’s participation in physical activity and sport, considering factors such as cultural differences, gender dynamics, and access to resources. Additionally, it aims to identify gaps in the existing literature and areas of opportunity for future research. The ultimate goal is to build a preliminary theoretical framework integrating physical activity, sport, and acculturation, laying the foundations for the development of new initiatives and further advancement in this research field.

2. Materials and Methods

This study adhered to the guidelines described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [28] and followed the PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) [29,30], ensuring a rigorous and transparent approach to the review process. PRISMA provides a standardized protocol for conducting systematic reviews, which includes clear stages such as formulating the research question, defining eligibility criteria, conducting a comprehensive literature search, selecting studies, extracting and synthesizing data, and assessing the risk of bias. Its aim is to improve the quality, transparency, and reproducibility of systematic reviews across disciplines [29,31].

In addition, this systematic review was designed using the SMART methodology [32], ensuring that the research objectives were Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. This approach provided a clear and structured framework for identifying and analyzing studies on the relationship between physical activity, sport, and acculturation processes in immigrant women [33]. By adopting this methodology, the study was able to establish concrete indicators to assess the results, identify gaps in the existing literature, and propose a preliminary theoretical framework to guide future research and interventions. The SMART planning criteria ensured that the goals of the study were not only precisely defined but also achievable, thus maximizing both academic and practical impact.

Furthermore, the review was structured following the PICOS model (Participants, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes, Study Design), a framework that guided the formulation of the research question and the establishment of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Specifically, the review focused on studies involving immigrant women (Participants) that examined the role of physical activity and sport in acculturation processes (Intervention), compared different levels of participation or absence thereof (Comparisons), and evaluated outcomes such as social inclusion, cultural adaptation, well-being, and perceived barriers. Eligible studies employed qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method designs (Study Design), thus ensuring a comprehensive and integrative approach to the phenomenon under study.

This review has been registered in 2025 in OSF (Open Science Framework), software specialised in systematic reviews, and can be accessed via the following link: https://osf.io/3w6bt/?view_only=ce293d65c0b14e728a8110a4cc1d700c (accessed on 26 February 2025).

2.1. Search Strategy

A comprehensive search strategy was developed to identify peer-reviewed journal articles up to January 2025, excluding articles published prior to 2000. The systematic review focused on studies published primarily or secondarily in English in journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and ERIC databases. The last search was conducted on 17 January 2025. No additional studies were retrieved through direct contact with authors.

Specific keywords were used in the preliminary search, guided by experts in the field. The final keywords used for the systematic search were ‘Physical Activity’, ‘Sport’, ‘Women’, ‘Immigrants’, ‘Acculturation’, ‘Assimilation’, ‘Inclusion’, and ‘Integration’, with the conjunction operators ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ used to combine them. The study population consisted of immigrant women who engage in some form of physical activity and/or sport. The full search strategy for each database is detailed in

Table 2. Operator search protocol.

Databases	Combination of Keywords Using Operators	Filters Applied
SCOPUS	(“Physical Activity” OR Sport) AND (Immigrant) AND (Women) AND (Acculturation OR Assimilation OR Inclusion OR Integration)	Articles only, English, 2000–2025, Fields: Social Sciences/Sport Sciences
Web of Science	(“Physical Activity” OR Sport) AND (Immigrant) AND (Women) AND (Acculturation OR Assimilation OR Inclusion OR Integration)	Articles only, English, 2000–2025, Fields: Social Sciences/Sport Sciences
SportDiscus	(“Physical Activity” OR Sport) AND (Immigrant) AND (Women) AND (Acculturation OR Assimilation OR Inclusion OR Integration)	Articles only, English, 2000–2025, Fields: Social Sciences/Sport Sciences
ERIC	(“Physical Activity” OR Sport) AND (Immigrant) AND (Women) AND (Acculturation OR Assimilation OR Inclusion OR Integration)	Articles only, English, 2000–2025, Fields: Social Sciences/Sport Sciences

Source: own elaboration.

to ensure reproducibility.

2.2. Inclusion Criteria

Following the recommendations of previous research, this systematic review encompassed all peer-reviewed conceptual or empirical perspectives. The included studies specifically addressed the relationship between acculturation, physical activity, and sport among immigrant women. Both quantitative and qualitative studies published since 2000 were considered to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

The eligibility criteria were established following the PICOS framework. Regarding participants, the review included studies focusing on immigrant women of any age who engaged in physical activity and/or sport, as this population aligns with the research objectives. The intervention criterion required that studies empirically examine the role of physical activity and sport in acculturation processes, given their potential to foster social inclusion and cultural adaptation. In terms of comparisons, studies that analyzed different levels of engagement in physical activity or the absence thereof were included, allowing for a comparative approach to acculturation experiences. The outcomes considered in the selection process included social inclusion, cultural adaptation, well-being, and barriers to participation, which are in line with existing research on acculturation and sport. Finally, the study design criterion encompassed qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies published from 2000 onwards, ensuring a thorough assessment of the available empirical evidence.

Studies were excluded if they met one or more of the following criteria: (1) they were published prior to 2000; (2) they consisted of editorial letters, systematic reviews, or abstract proceedings; (3) they were written in a language other than English, unless at least the abstract was available in English; (4) they were not relevant to the research topic; (5) they duplicated previously selected studies; or (6) they made no reference to gender, as the focus of this review is on immigrant women.

2.3. Selection of the Studies and Data Extraction Process

The article selection process was carried out in two stages. The first stage consisted of screening the studies based on abstracts and titles, while the second stage consisted of a thorough review of the selected articles to ensure that the inclusion criteria were met. Two external experts (A.B.A. and J.F.G.) carried out the selection and screening process independently, without knowledge of each other. Any discrepancies between the two reviewers were resolved by a third party (R.G), who acted as a referee. Articles that did not meet the eligibility criteria were documented and excluded, with reasons provided in the PRISMA flow diagram (shown in Results).

Data extraction was also conducted independently by two reviewers using a standardized data extraction form. The extracted variables included: study design, sample, intervention, and outcomes of the study.

2.4. Review of the Quality of the Articles Obtained and Risk of Bias Assessment

To assess the methodological quality, various instruments were used depending on the type of study. In the case of qualitative studies, the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) tool [34] was used, consisting of 21 items categorised into ‘title and abstract’, ‘introduction’, ‘method’, ‘discussion’, and ‘other’.

For quantitative studies, the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist, initially designed by [35] and adapted by other authors [36], was applied. This tool consists of 20 items distributed in the categories of ‘title and abstract’, ‘introduction’, ‘method’, ‘results’, ‘discussion’, and ‘other information’.

Finally, in the case of the mixed methods article, a joint independent assessment was carried out using the two scales mentioned above. Each study was scored individually by two reviewers who assessed different sections of the studies and assigned a score of 1 if the study met the criteria and 0 if it did not. Any discrepancies between the reviewers were resolved by reviewing and discussing the original study until consensus was reached.

Potential publication bias was assessed by visually inspecting the distribution of study findings, and selective outcome reporting was considered by comparing reported outcomes with study objectives.

2.5. Thematic Analysis of Selected Articles and Synthesis of Results

In order to conduct a thematic analysis of the literature reviewed, following the approach outlined by [37], NVivo^® software was used (https://help-nv.qsrinternational.com/20/win/Content/about-nvivo/about-nvivo.htm, accessed on 26 February 2025). For qualitative studies, a thematic synthesis was conducted to identify recurring patterns. For quantitative studies, descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, percentages) were extracted where applicable. Results were synthesized using a narrative approach, categorizing findings based on thematic areas. No meta-analysis or additional analyses (e.g., subgroup or sensitivity analyses) were performed due to the heterogeneity of the included studies.

3. Results

3.1. Flow of the Study

Based on a systematic review of the literature specifically addressing physical activity and sport in the acculturation processes of immigrant women, following the guidelines proposed by [38], regarding the inclusion of empirical, conceptual, and peer-reviewed articles, a total of 316 articles were initially identified. Among these, 21 duplicates were identified and subsequently removed. Further assessment of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of a further 255 articles. As a result, 40 articles remained for detailed full-text review. After applying the above exclusion criteria, a total of 17 articles met all specified criteria.

Following the previously established exclusion criteria, studies were removed due to factors such as lack of reference to gender, publication type (e.g., editorial letters, systematic reviews), language, date, or relevance to the research topic.

Figure 1 illustrates the PRISMA flow diagram of the present review, depicting the progression from the initial 316 references to the final inclusion of seventeen articles in the analysis.

The 17 articles selected for in-depth analysis that met all the criteria are as follows: [16,20,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53].

3.2. Analysis of Methodological Quality

The analysis of the methodological quality of the studies included in this systematic review made it possible to assess the soundness and transparency in the presentation of the procedures used in each investigation.

Following the reporting standards previously outlined, the qualitative studies demonstrated an overall acceptable methodological quality, with scores ranging from 14 to 19 out of a total of 21 points.

Two studies [20,48] stood out for their methodological rigour, achieving scores of 19 and 18 points, respectively. These articles showed notable strengths in aspects such as clarity of title and abstract, theoretical justification of the study, and detailed description of sampling, data collection, and analysis. They also presented well-documented results and a discussion that adequately interpreted the findings, while also considering their limitations.

At a second level of quality, with 16–17 points, were the studies by [39,44,49,52]. These articles presented sound methodologies, albeit with some limitations, such as the lack of a detailed discussion of study limitations. In addition, several of them lacked information on ethical considerations, an essential aspect in research with human participants.

The studies by [43,51], both with a score of 15 points, showed more marked shortcomings, especially in the description of the data collection and analysis process, the absence of explicit ethical considerations, and the limited discussion of study limitations. Despite these areas for improvement, these studies still had strengths in terms of clarity of context and presentation of results.

The seven quantitative studies assessed using the CONSORT checklist scored between 12 and 16 out of a total of 20 points. Two studies [41,46] scored the highest (16/20), demonstrating strength in the presentation of background, objectives, description of participants and setting, as well as in the detailed explanation of the statistical methods used. In particular, Ref. [41] provided a clear description of sampling criteria and employed appropriate statistical tests aligned with the study objectives, while [46] included detailed reporting of variance and confidence intervals for key outcomes. However, these studies shared shortcomings in terms of the justification of the sample size and lack of a participant flowchart, which affects transparency in the selection and evolution of the sample analysed.

At the next level of quality (14/20) were the studies by [40,42,47,50,53]. Although these studies showed strengths in clarity of objectives and description of measures and analyses, they showed limitations in the justification of sample size and discussion of generalisability of results, which are key elements in quantitative studies. For example, Ref. [42] lacked any rationale for its sample size, and [50] reported only basic descriptive statistics without linking them clearly to the research question. Study [53], while presenting an appropriate comparison of subgroups, failed to specify the statistical assumptions underlying its analysis.

In several cases, limited adherence to CONSORT guidelines was observed. Some studies, such as [42,50], did not provide complete information on allocation procedures or recruitment flow, and failed to report confidence intervals or effect sizes, which are essential to interpret the robustness of findings. These omissions limit replicability and transparency.

The studies by [16,45], which used a mixed methodology, were evaluated using both scales. After a detailed analysis, Ref. [16]’s study scored 18/21 on the SRQR scale and 16/20 on the adapted CONSORT scale, demonstrating high methodological quality in both aspects. Ref. [45]’s study scored 19/21 on the SRQR and 17/20 on the adapted CONSORT, also indicating a rigorous methodological design. Both studies showed particular strengths in the description of their methods and in the presentation of results, although small areas for improvement were identified in the discussion of study limitations and in the detailed explanation of some quantitative procedures.

Overall, qualitative studies showed greater compliance with methodological quality criteria compared to quantitative studies, which had recurring shortcomings in key aspects such as justification of sample size and inclusion of participant flow diagrams. Nonetheless, some quantitative studies demonstrated good practices in statistical reporting and alignment between methods and objectives, which should be acknowledged. In the qualitative category, there was a tendency to omit information on ethical considerations and researcher reflexivity.

Potential publication bias was assessed by examining whether studies with positive results were overrepresented. No statistical methods (e.g., funnel plots) were applied due to the narrative nature of the synthesis.

3.3. Characteristics and Results of Included Studies

A table (see

Table 3. Descriptive register of articles.

Study	Research Design	Purpose	Sample Characteristics	Intervention, Methodology, and Analysis	Results and Conclusions
Chatzopoulos [39]	Qualitative	To analyse the role of sport policy in Copenhagen in the integration of migrant women, focusing on women-only swimming and the interactions between political and sport actors.	6 experts on sport policy and integration and official documents (2010–2018) from ministries, the municipality, and sport organisations	Document analysis and interviews with key actors. Thematic analysis.	Local policies promote integration through sport, but face challenges in implementation and outreach. Identification of competing coalitions: assimilationist versus multicultural approach to integration
Checa et al. [40]	Quantitative	To analyse the leisure behaviour of young immigrants in Andalusia, focusing on physical activities and sports as a process of acculturation.	440 young African, Latin American, and Eastern European immigrants (15–20 years old) in Andalusia.	Questionnaire on leisure habits and physical activity. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis (SPSS v.22).	Although participation in physical activities and sports facilitates the social and cultural integration of young immigrants, they have a low rate of participation in these activities during their leisure time (LTPA). Young immigrants mainly participate in sports for health and as individuals. Participation in LTPAS increases with each generation, but is lower among females, Muslims, and those with lower socio-economic status.
Choi et al. [41]	Quantitative	To examine the correlates of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in Korean immigrant women.	200 Korean immigrant women (18–64 years old) in the USA.	Questionnaires on LTPA, self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers, social support, and acculturation. Multiple regression analysis	Age, self-efficacy, and social support were found to significantly predict higher levels of LTPA; cultural adaptation positively or negatively influenced participation rates depending on individual experiences.
Choi et al. [42]	Quantitative	To describe the patterns of leisure and non-leisure time physical activity of Korean immigrant women.	197 Korean immigrant women aged 18–64 years in the USA.	Physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Descriptive and analysis of variance.	Women reported more physical activity in non-leisure time than in leisure time. Age and employment were associated with different patterns of physical activity. Leisure time was often limited due to cultural and family expectations.
Cuadros [43]	Qualitative	Exploring how football facilitates the integration of Latinas in the U.S. ‘New South’.	3 Latina participants in football leagues in North Carolina.	Participant observation and interviews. Narrative and thematic analysis.	Football provides a space for social integration, community building, and identity negotiation among immigrant Latinas. Challenges related to cultural acceptance were identified.
Evenson et al. [44]	Qualitative	To identify environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity among Latina immigrants.	49 first-generation immigrant Latina women (20–50 years old) in North Carolina.	Six focus groups. Interviews focused on environmental influences, along with surveys measuring the impact of policies on physical activity. Analysis using NUDIST®	Multiple environmental barriers were identified, including a lack of time, safety, transportation, and cultural norms. Social support was a key facilitator.
Evenson et al. [45]	Mixed	Exploring the relationship between acculturation and physical activity among Latina immigrants.	671 first-generation Latina women (20–50 years old) in North Carolina.	Interviews in Spanish on physical activity and acculturation. Validated questionnaire. Analyses using fitted logistic models, Spearman correlations, LOESS curves, and test-retest.	Greater acculturation in English and more than 3 years in the USA were associated with greater physical activity. 37.4% complied with recommendations, while 20.7% were inactive. Certain perceived barriers influenced inactivity.
Frisby [20]	Qualitative	Examining promising physical activity inclusion practices for Chinese immigrant women in Vancouver.	50 Chinese immigrant women in Vancouver, Canada	Participatory action research. Interviews and focus group discussions on inclusion practices in physical activity programmes.	Effective practices such as culturally relevant programming, barrier reduction, and community collaboration were identified.
Jönsson et al. [46]	Quantitative	To investigate the association between acculturation and physical activity among female immigrants in Sweden.	1651 immigrant women (18–65 years) from diverse backgrounds (Finland, Chile, Iraq) in Sweden.	Survey on physical activity and acculturation. Logistic regression analysis.	Acculturation (higher language proficiency, younger age at migration) was positively associated with physical activity, but the relationship varied by country of origin.
López & Yamashita [47]	Quantitative	To examine the relationship between education, acculturation, and vigorous intensity leisure time physical activity (VILTPA) in Latinos by gender.	4393 Latino adults (>25 years) in the US.	Secondary analysis of NHIS (National Health Interview Survey) 2010 data. Logistic regression.	Education was positively associated with VILTPA in both genders. Acculturation was positively associated with VILTPA only in women.
Michalowski & Behrendt [16]	Mixed	To analyse how German public swimming pools accommodate Muslim body practices.	339 public swimming pools in 5 German cities.	Interviews with pool managers and observations, data on the implementation of inclusive policies. Statistical content analysis.	Swimming pools have implemented various strategies to accommodate Muslim practices, but tensions and exclusions persist. A correlation was found between right-wing populist areas and burkini complaints; political variations influenced social norms.
Phipps et al. [48]	Qualitative	To explore the socio-cultural constraints to sports participation of Afghan migrant and refugee women in Iran.	9 s generation Afghan women (19–35 years) active in sport in Iran.	Semi-structured interviews. Reflective thematic analysis with Nvivo®.	Restrictions based on gender, economic resources, and racial discrimination, which limit full participation and enjoyment of sport, were identified.
Ramos Salas et al. [49]	Qualitative	To identify socio-cultural determinants of physical activity among Latin American immigrant women in Alberta, Canada.	36 Latin American immigrant women (>18 years) in Alberta, Canada.	Semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis.	Barriers such as lack of time, financial resources, social support, and language difficulties were identified. Family and culture influence perceptions and practices of physical activity.
Walseth [51]	Qualitative	To examine how sport can facilitate a sense of belonging in young immigrant women.	21 young (16–25 years old) Muslim women of immigrant background in Norway.	In-depth interviews. Thematic analysis.	Sport can facilitate a sense of belonging, but it can also reinforce ethnic boundaries and exclusions in certain sports settings.
Walseth [52]	Qualitative	To explore how sport can generate bridging and bonding social capital in young immigrant women.	15 young women (16–25 years old) with an immigrant background (2nd generation) playing sport in Norway.	In-depth interviews. Thematic analysis.	Sport can generate bridging social capital (connections between different groups) and bonding (connections within one’s own group), but experiences vary according to context and individual characteristics.
Yang et al. [50]	Quantitative	Examining factors associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in middle-aged Korean immigrant women	152 Korean immigrant women (40–65 years old) in the USA (Central Texas)	LTPA questionnaires, personal and environmental factors. Multiple regression analysis.	Self-efficacy, social support, and perceived health and benefits were positively associated with LTPA. Perceived barriers were negatively associated. Level of acculturation was not significantly related to the amount of physical activity.
Zan & Fan [53]	Quantitative	Investigating the complex relationship between acculturation and physical activity in US adults.	4029 immigrant adults (20–64 years) of diverse ethnic backgrounds (2063 men and 1966 women) in the US.	Outcome measures included both self-reported PA and device-assessed PA. Acculturation measure was constructed based on nativity, home language use, and length of residence in the US. Analysis using regressions with dominance analysis.	Higher acculturation was associated with higher reported physical activity, but lower actual physical activity, suggesting a complex relationship. For women, the results were more mixed. Cultural factors played a significant role.

Source: own elaboration.

) was created to present and facilitate understanding of the following information from the articles: (a) general details of the study, including the title of the paper, authors’ names and year of publication; (b) the type of methodology used; (c) general purpose of the study; (d) characteristics of the sample, such as number of participants, their age and background; (e) specific details of the intervention, including methodology, tools and instruments used for analysis in the study; and (f) the results and conclusions obtained with the intervention.

3.4. Thematic Analysis: Overview and Main Themes

Following a thematic analysis of the literature reviewed using NVivo^® qualitative data analysis software, five key thematic areas have been identified that structure the study of the relationship between physical activity, sport and acculturation processes in immigrant women: (1) acculturation and sport participation, (2) gender and cultural barriers, (3) socio-economic and structural determinants and (4) health and psychosocial well-being.

No meta-analysis was conducted due to the high heterogeneity of the included studies in terms of methodology, sample characteristics, and outcome measures. Instead, a thematic synthesis was applied to summarize key findings. A detailed description of each of these thematic areas is presented below.

3.4.1. Acculturation and Sport Participation

The literature reviewed suggests a bidirectional relationship between the practice of physical activity and acculturation processes. Several studies indicate that physical activity and sport contribute to acculturation by facilitating interethnic interactions and access to community-based spaces for socialisation. For example, some studies [40,45,51,52] show how participation in sporting activities promotes inclusion and a sense of belonging. However, other works [50,53] warn that higher levels of acculturation do not always correlate with greater participation in physical activity, pointing to the existence of other mediating factors.

Regarding the types of physical activities considered, the reviewed studies included a wide range of practices. These encompassed recreational and leisure activities such as walking groups and dance classes [41,51], structured sports like football, basketball, and swimming [16,40,45,52], and general fitness programs including aerobic exercises and gym training [20,46,50]. This variety reflects the diversity of contexts and preferences among immigrant women, as well as the differing opportunities for participation in host countries.

From a gender perspective, differentiated patterns of sport participation have been identified. While some research shows greater adherence to physical activity in women with higher levels of acculturation [47], others suggest that the relationship is more complex and influenced by factors such as age, country of origin, family structure, and opportunities to access sport [45,46].

3.4.2. Gender and Cultural Barriers

The studies reviewed highlight the persistence of structural and symbolic barriers that limit immigrant women’s sport participation. Among these, traditional gender roles and cultural expectations may condition the time and spaces available for sport practice. The authors of [48] document socio-cultural constraints among Afghan women in Iran, while [41,42] highlight the impact of domestic responsibilities in reducing the time devoted to physical exercise in Korean communities in the USA.

Sport spaces can also become sites of identity conflict, where immigrant women may experience tensions between their cultural background and the dominant norms of the host society. For example, Ref. [16] analyzes dress policies in German public swimming pools and their impact on the exclusion of Muslim women, as some regulations prohibit full-body swimsuits such as the burkini, creating barriers to participation. Similarly, Refs. [51,52] explore how sports settings can both foster social capital and serve as arenas for discrimination, as women may feel pressured to conform to unfamiliar social expectations or face exclusion due to cultural differences.

3.4.3. Socio-Economic and Structural Determinants

Access to material and structural resources is a determining factor in the participation of immigrant women in physical activity and sport. Ref. [49] identifies lack of time and economic resources as the main barriers to sport practice among Latina women in Canada. Similarly, Ref. [44] highlights environmental barriers, such as insecurity in neighbourhoods and lack of adequate transportation, which hinder access to sports spaces.

At the institutional level, local policies can play a key role in facilitating or limiting sport practice. Ref. [39] examines municipal programmes in Copenhagen aimed at the inclusion of immigrant women through sport, while [43] documents the impact of community sports leagues on the creation of social support networks.

3.4.4. Health and Psychosocial Well-Being

Numerous studies link participation in physical activity with improvements in mental health and psychosocial well-being. Ref. [50] finds a positive correlation between physical activity and health perception in middle-aged Korean women, while [20] highlights the impact of inclusive programmes on self-efficacy and reduced social isolation in Chinese women in Vancouver.

Sport can act both as a space for empowerment and as a space for the reproduction of exclusions. Research such as [48,51] underlines this paradox, highlighting the need to design interventions that minimise barriers and maximise the benefits of sport participation for immigrant women. For instance, Ref. [16] analysed dress code regulations in German public swimming pools, showing how they restricted the participation of Muslim women. Similarly, Ref. [51] found that even when immigrant women engaged in sports, they often faced cultural and linguistic barriers that reinforced their marginalisation. These examples illustrate how certain sport structures can perpetuate exclusions, making it crucial to develop more inclusive policies and practices.

Table 4. Summary of thematic areas, supporting studies, and key findings.

Thematic Area	Supporting Studies	Key Findings
Acculturation and sport participation	[40,45,46,50,51,52,53]	Physical activity can foster acculturation by facilitating interethnic interactions and access to shared spaces; some studies report increased inclusion and belonging, while others show that acculturation does not always lead to greater participation, suggesting the influence of mediating factors.
Gender and cultural barriers	[16,41,42,48,51,52]	Traditional gender roles, domestic responsibilities, and cultural expectations limit time and access to sport. Dress code policies and cultural tensions in sport settings create additional barriers, especially for Muslim women, contributing to identity conflicts and marginalisation.
Socio-economic and structural determinants	[39,43,44,49]	Economic constraints, lack of time, transportation, unsafe environments, and local policy gaps limit regular participation. Institutional initiatives may support access, but outcomes vary depending on programme design and community engagement.
Health and psychosocial well-being	[16,20,48,50,51]	Participation in physical activity is linked to improved mental health, well-being, empowerment, and reduced isolation. However, the benefits depend on cultural sensitivity and the degree to which structural exclusions are addressed through inclusive practices and policies.

Source: own elaboration.

summarises the main thematic areas identified, the supporting studies for each, and their key contributions to the understanding of sport, physical activity, and acculturation among immigrant women.

3.5. Additional Analyses

No additional analyses (e.g., subgroup or sensitivity analyses) were conducted due to the heterogeneity of the included studies.

4. Discussion

This systematic review has explored the role of physical activity and sport in the acculturation processes of immigrant women across diverse socio-cultural contexts. It reveals a complex, non-linear relationship between these practices and processes of cultural adaptation and social inclusion, highlighting both opportunities and persistent barriers. The primary focus remained on the role of physical activity in acculturation, following the PICO framework.

The findings are mainly supported by qualitative studies that provide rich contextual insights but have limited generalizability. Quantitative studies offer broader patterns but often fail to reflect nuanced socio-cultural dynamics. Mixed-methods research combines these strengths, offering a multidimensional understanding relevant for policymakers, health professionals, and community organizations.

Regarding methodological quality, qualitative studies generally demonstrated greater rigour in the description of social contexts and migration experiences, particularly in examining structural barriers, gender dynamics, and everyday integration processes [18,19,51]. This observation is in line with trends identified in the immigration literature, where qualitative approaches have proven particularly valuable in capturing the complexity of acculturation processes [54]. On the other hand, quantitative studies, although less numerous, provided valuable data on prevalence and patterns of physical activity participation, as did other studies in the literature [55]. Mixed methods studies, such as those by [16,45], were notable for their ability to integrate contextual perspectives with statistical analyses, an approach that authors such as [56,57] consider essential to address the multidimensional nature of migration phenomena.

A predominance of qualitative approaches was observed, with ten of the seventeen studies employing interviews and focus groups to explore cultural, environmental, and structural barriers [20,39,43,44,48,49,51,52]. Some used participatory action research [20], engaging migrant women as active contributors.

On the other hand, quantitative studies [40,41,42,46,47,50,53] employ surveys and statistical analyses to identify correlations between variables such as acculturation, social support, self-efficacy, and physical activity. These studies generally use standardized questionnaires, such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) [42], or secondary data from national surveys [47,53], which allow for the analysis of large samples and the identification of general trends.

This methodological diversity highlights both the strengths and limitations of the field. Qualitative studies offer depth but rely on small, non-representative samples [54]. Quantitative studies provide generalizability but risk oversimplifying complex social realities. The limited number of longitudinal studies (only two) constrains understanding of the long-term effects of physical activity on acculturation. Future research should incorporate longitudinal designs to evaluate how participation in sports influences integration over time.

This review is subject to several limitations. First, the inclusion of only English-language studies may have led to the exclusion of relevant research conducted in other linguistic and cultural contexts. Second, the possibility of publication bias cannot be ruled out, as studies with positive findings on the benefits of physical activity for acculturation may have been overrepresented. Additionally, while qualitative studies provided valuable insights, their findings are based on small, non-randomized samples, which limits their generalizability. Finally, although efforts were made to ensure a comprehensive search strategy, it is possible that some relevant studies were missed due to the reliance on indexed databases. Future reviews should consider multilingual searches and explore gray literature sources to mitigate these limitations.

The relationship between acculturation and physical activity participation emerged as a central theme, albeit with seemingly contradictory results. While some studies, such as [46], found a positive correlation between acculturation (such as host country language proficiency) and physical activity participation, others detected inverse patterns between LTPA and younger generations [40], and others found no significant relationship between acculturation and participation in physical-sport activities [50]. This apparent paradox can be better understood in light of the ‘segmented assimilation’ model proposed by [58], which posits that immigrants follow different paths of adaptation depending on structural and contextual factors.

Rather than a single, linear process, acculturation may follow diverse trajectories shaped by generation status, socio-economic conditions, and country of origin. For example, Ref. [40] suggests that second-generation immigrants may adopt sedentary behaviors associated with low-income urban environments in the host country, while [46] highlights how first-generation women with stable employment and higher educational attainment are more likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors such as sport. In contrast, Ref. [50] shows that women from more conservative cultural backgrounds may face persistent cultural or linguistic barriers regardless of their time of residence. These findings align with segmented assimilation theory, which differentiates between upward mobility, downward mobility, and selective acculturation, depending on access to economic and social capital [59].

This framework also emphasizes the importance of community networks, family structures, and institutional support in shaping integration outcomes. It helps explain why some immigrant women benefit from sport as a resource for psychosocial well-being, while others experience exclusion, marginalisation, or internal conflict. By incorporating segmented assimilation theory, this review provides a more nuanced understanding of how structural inequalities and cultural negotiation processes shape diverse patterns of physical activity participation among immigrant women.

Moreover, Ref. [58] distinguishes between adaptation to the host culture and the preservation of the culture of origin, emphasizing that successful integration does not necessarily require full assimilation, but rather a balance between both dimensions. Evidence suggests that women who achieve a balance between both dimensions [56] show greater adherence to physical activity, supporting the hypothesis that cultural integration (not assimilation) promotes psychosocial well-being [60].

The relationship between integration and well-being is not necessarily linear or universally positive. While some immigrant women may benefit from increased social connections and a sense of belonging, others may experience significant challenges, including identity conflicts, racial discrimination, and institutional barriers that limit full participation in society [5,19]. This review reinforces the importance of viewing acculturation as a dynamic and context-dependent process rather than a one-size-fits-all model.

Thus, promoting physical activity must go beyond individual behaviors and address systemic factors, such as discriminatory policies, inadequate access, and socio-economic inequities [18,19]. Inclusive programs can empower migrant women, but only if structural changes accompany community efforts [21].

Culturally tailored physical activity programmes therefore emerge as key facilitators of participation and social integration, and evidence shows that in successful immigrant sport programmes such as the one described by [61], ‘cultural translation’ strategies and key practices such as multiple promoters, leisure access counselling, community partnerships and innovative outreach strategies stand out.

However, structural barriers for women emerge as a determining factor. The persistent lack of time reported by participants [49] reflects what [62] calls the burden of invisibility: the accumulation of domestic work, family care and precarious jobs that falls disproportionately on women, underscoring the need for interventions to address not only cultural differences, but also structural inequalities that specifically affect immigrant women, such as work and domestic burdens.

A particularly significant finding was the intersectionality of the barriers faced by migrant women. Intersectional analysis reveals how gender, ethnicity, and migration status interact to shape both disadvantages and privileges, leading to divergent experiences. Ref. [48]’s study of Afghan women in Iran illustrates how gender, migration status, and ethnicity intertwine to create multiple and overlapping obstacles. These women faced triple constraints—legal, cultural, and spatial—in accessing sports facilities.

This phenomenon, which is known as ‘layered oppression’ [63], is also reflected in [64]’s work on ethnic discrimination in amateur sports in Scandinavia, which revealed that such inequality in the sporting arena persists in Sweden despite inclusive legal frameworks. On the other hand, Turkish women in Denmark [54] engaged in physical exercise mostly through everyday activities and were largely influenced by their culture, without sport being at the center of their lives. However, these findings also challenge traditional acculturation theories, which often assume that adopting elements of the host culture facilitates social inclusion.

As [65] argues, many theories overlook structural inequalities and rely on assimilationist assumptions. Acculturation must be seen as a contextual, power-laden process. For example, policies such as burkini bans [16] show how cultural norms can be weaponized to exclude. In contrast, intercultural approaches like those described by [20] demonstrate the value of participatory, two-way policy dialogue.

While integration is often framed as a pathway to inclusion, intersectional analysis suggests that even when migrant women adopt cultural practices of the host society, they may continue to face systemic discrimination and exclusion. For example, institutional racism, restrictive migration policies, and socio-economic disparities may limit the real opportunities available for participation in sports and other social activities [21].

These findings underscore the need to move beyond an individualistic view of acculturation and instead adopt frameworks that critically examine the role of structural inequalities in shaping the integration experiences of migrant women. All of this suggests that these differences are not only largely context-dependent but also shaped by the intersectional identities of migrant women, which influence their patterns of participation in physical activity and sport. For instance, factors such as legal status, ethnic background, religious practices, and socio-economic position can either facilitate or hinder access to sports spaces [19,51]. This highlights the need for policies and interventions that recognize and address the multidimensional nature of both marginalization and privilege in sport and physical activity contexts.

An additional critical point that emerged from this review is the risk of reinforcing stereotypes and generalizations about immigrant women. As [17] argues, migration studies often construct migrants as an exceptional category, rather than analyzing them within broader social structures. This methodological nationalism tends to portray immigrant women as a homogeneous group, overlooking differences in social class, education, and migration status. Furthermore, it reinforces the idea that challenges such as gender inequality, precarious work, and limited access to sports facilities are specific to migration, rather than acknowledging them as systemic issues that also affect non-migrant populations.

Following the approach of methodological de-nationalism, future research should move away from treating immigrant women as an isolated analytical category and instead examine their experiences within the broader social fabric, recognizing the intersections of gender, ethnicity, and class beyond migration status [17]. As [21] argues, migration research is often entangled with a nation-state epistemology that constructs migration-related difference as a fixed and naturalized category. This perspective risks reproducing the very inequalities it seeks to challenge. A “de-migranticized” approach would shift the focus from migration as an explanatory factor in itself toward a more integrated analysis of social inequalities and power structures that transcend national borders.

On the other hand, other initiatives, such as the Multiculturalism, Sport and Physical Activity workshop described by [20]—where dialogue between Chinese immigrant women and government staff was promoted to better understand their needs and adapt inclusion policies—take a more intercultural approach that encourages two-way negotiation of norms and practices.

However, it is important to critically examine how “culture” is framed in assimilation and acculturation theories. These models often universalize cultural experiences and conflate different identity intersections, failing to address how power and privilege operate in shaping integration pathways [21]. A more nuanced approach requires recognizing that acculturation is not a neutral or equal process, but one deeply influenced by systemic inequalities and exclusionary practices.

It is important to note the limitations of the literature reviewed. The paucity of longitudinal studies (only 2 of the 17 reviewed) limits our understanding of how acculturation processes and physical activity participation evolve over time. This gap is particularly notable given that studies such as [66] on Cambodian refugee women have demonstrated significant changes in health and physical activity practices over decades. Future studies should prioritise longitudinal designs that capture the dynamic nature of acculturation and its relationship to physical activity participation.

In addition, future research should delve deeper into intersectional analysis, exploring how social class, specific ethnicity, and migration status interact to influence immigrant women’s experiences of physical activity. It would also be valuable to assess the cost-effectiveness of different types of community interventions, as well as to explore the potential role of non-Western sports and physical activities in processes of identity negotiation and acculturation.

Finally, this paper reaffirms that physical activity and sport constitute a field of both symbolic and concrete struggle where identities, belonging, and exclusions are negotiated in the context of female migration. As [67] point out, sport and physical activity spaces are not simply neutral tools of integration, but political arenas where the boundaries of citizenship and cultural belonging are contested and reinvented. In this sense, these spaces can be understood as “third spaces” [68], which are hybrid zones where cultural meanings and identities are not fixed but constantly renegotiated. The notion of the third space highlights how immigrant women, rather than passively assimilating or resisting, actively construct new forms of belonging through participation in sports, challenging dominant narratives of exclusion.

This perspective emphasizes the interplay of different dimensions of ‘safe spaces’ and the importance of experimentation in the management of community events. For these spaces to fulfil their potential as facilitators of positive acculturation and social integration, it is crucial that policies and interventions recognize and address the complex intersections of gender, ethnicity, and migration status, while fostering genuine and empowering intercultural dialogue.

To conclude, these findings confirm previous studies highlighting the role of sports and physical activity in fostering social inclusion while also exposing persistent structural barriers. Unlike prior reviews, this study emphasizes the intersectionality of gender, migration status, and socio-economic conditions in shaping access to physical activity. Future research should explore how national sports policies influence participation rates and whether targeted interventions can reduce disparities.

5. Conclusions

The conclusions of this systematic review provide a comprehensive overview of the role of physical activity and sport in the acculturation processes of immigrant women. Through the rigorous analysis of the existing literature, significant findings have been identified that support the importance of these activities as tools to facilitate social inclusion and cultural adaptation of this group.

The results obtained suggest that participation in physical activities and sports has a positive impact on multiple aspects of the acculturation process of immigrant women. Sport and physical activity provide valuable opportunities for social interaction, facilitating the creation of support networks and the development of a sense of belonging in host communities. In addition, a significant improvement in the psychological well-being and self-esteem of immigrant women who regularly participate in these activities has been observed. These practices serve as an effective means for negotiating cultural norms and acquiring social skills relevant to the new cultural context. Furthermore, participation in sports and physical activities contributes to the empowerment of immigrant women, providing them with a space to develop leadership and autonomy. These findings are consistent with previous research indicating that structured sports programs enhance social cohesion and individual empowerment [65,69]. However, compared to previous reviews, this study highlights the crucial role of intersectionality in shaping access to physical activity, emphasizing how gender, migration status, and socio-economic conditions interact to influence participation patterns.

However, the review has also highlighted important barriers that limit migrant women’s participation in these activities. These include cultural and religious barriers, which may restrict participation in certain physical or sporting activities; socio-economic challenges, such as lack of financial resources and free time due to work and family responsibilities; and language barriers, which may discourage participation in group activities or sports clubs.

It is crucial that future research specifically addresses these barriers by developing culturally tailored interventions that promote migrant women’s participation in physical activity and sport. However, these efforts must go beyond inclusion and actively engage migrant women in decision-making processes regarding sport and physical activity policies. Instead of assuming fixed barriers, it is necessary to critically examine how power relations shape access to these activities and how taken-for-granted privileges determine whose needs and perspectives are prioritized [18,19]. This calls for a critical application of intersectionality as an analytical tool to understand how gender, migration status, class, ethnicity, and religion intersect in shaping opportunities for participation.

In this sense, public policies should not only facilitate access but also reconfigure institutional structures to ensure that migrant women have agency in shaping sports programs. This includes creating participatory mechanisms where their voices are heard in the design and implementation of policies, as well as challenging exclusionary norms embedded in sports institutions. Addressing these issues from an intersectional perspective will allow for more equitable and sustainable strategies that do not merely integrate but also transform the structures that perpetuate inequalities.

These insights call for multisectoral policies that go beyond individual-level interventions and address systemic inequalities. Examples include the implementation of publicly funded sport programs in multicultural neighbourhoods, the training of sport personnel in intercultural sensitivity, and the adaptation of facilities (e.g., female-only times, culturally appropriate attire policies) to meet diverse needs. Additionally, collaboration between local governments, civil society organisations, and immigrant associations is crucial to designing inclusive and participatory sport strategies that are grounded in the lived experiences of migrant women.

Moreover, applying a translocational positionality lens can help illuminate how migrant women’s identities are constantly negotiated across contexts and shaped by both the place of origin and the place of settlement. This perspective foregrounds the dynamic and relational nature of belonging in sport spaces.Similarly, third space theory invites us to conceptualize physical activity settings as hybrid cultural arenas, where norms can be contested and redefined. Recognizing sport not only as a space of integration but also of resistance and identity reconstruction reinforces its critical potential.

This systematic review has contributed significantly to the understanding of the relationship between physical activity, sport, and acculturation in immigrant women. However, areas for further research are identified, such as longitudinal studies assessing the long-term impact of these activities on acculturation processes, research exploring the intersectionality between gender, ethnicity and migration status in relation to sport participation and physical activity, and comparative analyses between different groups of immigrant women, considering variables such as country of origin, age and length of residence in the host country. Additionally, future studies should adopt mixed-method approaches to integrate the depth of qualitative research with the broader generalizability of quantitative findings.

Additionally, future research should critically examine the conceptual frameworks of acculturation and integration themselves. Traditional models often present these processes as unidirectional or neutral, without considering the power dynamics, structural inequalities, and exclusionary mechanisms that shape them [21,65]. Studies adopting transnational and postmigration perspectives could offer alternative frameworks that move beyond assimilationist paradigms and acknowledge the mutual transformation of both migrants and host societies. Expanding research in this direction will contribute to a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity and sport intersect with migration experiences beyond conventional integration narratives.

To summarize, future research should focus on developing and evaluating culturally tailored interventions co-designed with migrant women to ensure accessibility and effectiveness while also conducting longitudinal studies to assess how acculturation and physical activity participation evolve over time adopting intersectional and mixed-method approaches to capture the complexity of migration gender and socio-economic status in sport participation and investigating policy-level interventions that facilitate structural changes in sports institutions to promote inclusive participation.

Finally, this systematic review reinforces previous research findings, highlighting that physical activity and sport play a key role in the acculturation processes of immigrant women. These findings underline the importance of integrating these activities into social inclusion strategies and integration policies aimed at this group. Promoting participation in physical activity and sport not only promotes the health and well-being of immigrant women but also facilitates their social and cultural integration in host societies, thus contributing to a more inclusive and cohesive society. From a policy perspective, ensuring equitable access to sports facilities, developing culturally responsive physical activity programs, and incorporating migrant voices into decision-making processes will be essential steps toward fostering inclusive and sustainable participation in sports.