Study of HCAP-PC to Enhance Process Efficiency for Age-Hardened Aluminum Alloys Based on Grey Relational Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Principle of Helical Channel Angular Pressing-Parallel Channel (HCAP-PC)
2.2. Channel Parameters Design and Optimization Based on Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)
2.3. Material and Extrusion Process
3. Results
3.1. Original Output Results
3.2. Processed Output Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Multiple Factors on Multiple Output Parameters Based on GRA
4.2. Optimized Channel Parameters
4.3. Extruding Aluminum Alloy 2024 with HCAP-PC
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Five Factors | (°) | (°) | (°) | L1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Four Levels | 90,100, 110,120 | 10,20, 30,40 | 60,67, 73,80 | 1.2,1.25, 1.35,1.4 | 1d,1.17d, 1.32d,1.5d | |
Test No. | ||||||
1 | 90 | 10 | 60 | 1.2 | 1 d | |
2 | 90 | 20 | 67 | 1.25 | 1.17 d | |
3 | 90 | 30 | 73 | 1.35 | 1.32 d | |
4 | 90 | 40 | 80 | 1.4 | 1.5 d | |
5 | 100 | 10 | 67 | 1.35 | 1.5 d | |
6 | 100 | 20 | 60 | 1.4 | 1.32 d | |
7 | 100 | 30 | 80 | 1.2 | 1.17 d | |
8 | 100 | 40 | 73 | 1.25 | 1 d | |
9 | 110 | 10 | 73 | 1.4 | 1.17 d | |
10 | 110 | 20 | 80 | 1.35 | 1 d | |
11 | 110 | 30 | 60 | 1.25 | 1.5 d | |
12 | 110 | 40 | 67 | 1.2 | 1.32 d | |
13 | 120 | 10 | 80 | 1.25 | 1.32 d | |
14 | 120 | 20 | 73 | 1.2 | 1.5 d | |
15 | 120 | 30 | 67 | 1.4 | 1 d | |
16 | 120 | 40 | 60 | 1.35 | 1.17 d |
Cu | Mg | Mn | Fe | Si | Zn | Ti | Cr | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.2 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.1 | Bal. |
E | A | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
66 GPa | 95 MPa | 177 MPa | 33.7 | 29.4 |
No. | Effective Strain | Damage Indicator | Effective Stress (MPa) | Deformation Homogeneity Coefficient (DHC) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8.7794 | 0.4705 | 388.35 | 0.4510 |
2 | 6.9816 | 0.5727 | 386.86 | 0.1874 |
3 | 7.171 | 0.8286 | 388.03 | 0.0867 |
4 | 6.444 | 0.6584 | 387.77 | 0.0907 |
5 | 4.2443 | 0.1774 | 386.89 | 0.0896 |
6 | 6.4982 | 0.1934 | 387.57 | 0.3820 |
7 | 4.2519 | 0.4982 | 387.12 | 0.0962 |
8 | 5.2012 | 0.4858 | 387.54 | 0.1100 |
9 | 5.6506 | 0.434 | 387.64 | 0.0676 |
10 | 4.5922 | 0.3971 | 387.27 | 0.0761 |
11 | 6.0053 | 0.5357 | 387.65 | 0.1332 |
12 | 4.6802 | 0.5334 | 387.28 | 0.1932 |
13 | 3.4861 | 0.5405 | 386.79 | 0.0795 |
14 | 3.7979 | 0.5586 | 386.85 | 0.0854 |
15 | 5.5861 | 0.4655 | 387.69 | 0.0701 |
16 | 6.9767 | 0.5272 | 388.21 | 0.0715 |
No. | Grey Relational Generation | Grey Relational Coefficients | Grey Relational Grades | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normalized Effective Strain | Normalized Damage | Normalized Effective Stress | Normalized DHC | Optimal Normalized Value | Effective Strain | Damage | Effective Stress | DHC | ||
1 | 1 | 0.5499 | 0 | 0.1020 | 1 | 1 | 0.5263 | 0.3333 | 0.3577 | 0.5543 |
2 | 0.6604 | 0.3930 | 0.9551 | 0.2688 | 1 | 0.5955 | 0.4517 | 0.9176 | 0.4061 | 0.5927 |
3 | 0.6961 | 0 | 0.2051 | 0.0873 | 1 | 0.6220 | 0.3333 | 0.3861 | 0.3539 | 0.4238 |
4 | 0.5588 | 0.2614 | 0.3718 | 0 | 1 | 0.5312 | 0.4037 | 0.4432 | 0.3333 | 0.4279 |
5 | 0.1432 | 1 | 0.9359 | 1 | 1 | 0.3685 | 1 | 0.8864 | 1 | 0.8137 |
6 | 0.5690 | 0.9754 | 0.5 | 0.9211 | 1 | 0.5371 | 0.9532 | 0.5 | 0.8637 | 0.7135 |
7 | 0.1447 | 0.5074 | 0.7885 | 0.1495 | 1 | 0.3689 | 0.5037 | 0.7027 | 0.3702 | 0.4864 |
8 | 0.3240 | 0.5264 | 0.5192 | 0.3596 | 1 | 0.4252 | 0.5136 | 0.5098 | 0.4385 | 0.4718 |
9 | 0.4089 | 0.6060 | 0.4551 | 0.2838 | 1 | 0.4583 | 0.5593 | 0.4785 | 0.4111 | 0.4768 |
10 | 0.2090 | 0.6626 | 0.6923 | 0.1709 | 1 | 0.3873 | 0.59710 | 0.6190 | 0.3762 | 0.4949 |
11 | 0.4759 | 0.4498 | 0.4487 | 0.4967 | 1 | 0.4882 | 0.4761 | 0.4756 | 0.4983 | 0.4846 |
12 | 0.2256 | 0.4533 | 0.6859 | 0.4644 | 1 | 0.3923 | 0.4777 | 0.6142 | 0.4828 | 0.4918 |
13 | 0 | 0.4424 | 1 | 0.2518 | 1 | 0.3333 | 0.4728 | 1 | 0.4006 | 0.5517 |
14 | 0.0589 | 0.4146 | 0.9615 | 0.3105 | 1 | 0.3470 | 0.4607 | 0.9286 | 0.4203 | 0.5391 |
15 | 0.3967 | 0.5576 | 0.4231 | 0.7207 | 1 | 0.4532 | 0.5306 | 0.4643 | 0.6416 | 0.5224 |
16 | 0.6594 | 0.4628 | 0.0897 | 0.8054 | 1 | 0.5948 | 0.4821 | 0.3545 | 0.7199 | 0.5378 |
Segregated Grey Relational Grade | Contribution Order | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
0.5809 | 0.6396 | 0.5831 | 0.6403 | 0.0034 | 2 | ||
0.6618 | 0.6351 | 0.5823 | 0.5648 | 0.0061 | 1 | ||
0.5724 | 0.6410 | 0.6041 | 0.6265 | 0.0027 | 3 | ||
m | 0.5861 | 0.6113 | 0.6484 | 0.5982 | 0.0022 | 4 | |
L1 | 0.5910 | 0.6208 | 0.5910 | 0.6412 | 0.0018 | 5 |
Effective Strain | Damage | Effective Stress (MPa) | Deformation Homogeneity Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|
7.2098 | 0.5085 | 388.2251 | 0.2131 |
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He, M.; Wang, Q.; Yang, F.; Shi, D. Study of HCAP-PC to Enhance Process Efficiency for Age-Hardened Aluminum Alloys Based on Grey Relational Analysis. Metals 2020, 10, 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121594
He M, Wang Q, Yang F, Shi D. Study of HCAP-PC to Enhance Process Efficiency for Age-Hardened Aluminum Alloys Based on Grey Relational Analysis. Metals. 2020; 10(12):1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121594
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Min, Qili Wang, Feng Yang, and Duanhu Shi. 2020. "Study of HCAP-PC to Enhance Process Efficiency for Age-Hardened Aluminum Alloys Based on Grey Relational Analysis" Metals 10, no. 12: 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121594