Review on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment of Metallic Materials in Automotive Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cryogenic Treatment and Metallic Materials for Automotive Applications
2.1. Cryogenic Treatment
2.2. Types of Cryogenic Treatment
2.3. Deep Cryogenic Treatment
3. Metallic Materials Used for Automotive Applications
3.1. Ferrous Materials for Automotive Applications
3.2. Nonferrous Materials for Automotive Applications
4. Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Metallic Materials for Automotive Applications
5. Contradictory Existing Researches for Application of DCT for Automotive Applications
6. Conclusions
- Hardness and wear resistance improvements have been confirmed by a wide range of published papers. Improvement of dimensional stability, increased electro-chemical corrosion resistance, toughness, ductility and other properties have been reported to improve after DCT.
- Available explanations for mechanism of DCT on the metallic material are grain refinement, precipitation of very fine carbides, refinement of retained austenite, transformation of austenite into martensite and amount of martensite in the matrix. The affecting mechanisms vary depending on the material type, grade and composition.
- Optimal parameters (soaking temperature, soaking time, cooling/warming rate, and tempering time) for each type of ferrous/non-ferrous alloys still have to be determined for easier and cost efficient applications in the industry.
- In future, the effectiveness of DCT must be explored more in depth and more systematically with experiments and modeling for ferrous and non-ferrous alloys to be procured and combined with detailed microstructural examination to clearly identify mechanisms responsible for change in material properties.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ferrous Material | Reference | Temperature (°C) | Holding Time (h) | Cooling Rate (°C/min) | Warming Rate (°C/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EN52 steel | [72] | −188 | 24 | 1 | 0.6 |
21-4N valve steel | [72] | −188 | 24 | 1 | 0.6 |
super-bainitic steel | [73] | −196 | 2 | NP | NP |
1.1189 steel | [3] | −196 | 0.5 | NP | NP |
1.2379 steel | [67] | −180 | 24 | NP | NP |
1.4418 steel | [78,79] | −196 | 1, 20 | 0.7 | 0.25 |
1.611 steel | [74] | −196 | 24 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
1.6523 steel | [53] | −185 | 16 | 3 | 3 |
1.6566 steel | [75] | −196 | 24 | 1.26 | 0.64 |
1.7147 steel | [76] | −196 | 24 | 1.24 | 0.64 |
1.7139 steel | [48] | −150 | 24 | NP | NP |
1.7225 steel | [66] | −196 | 24 | 1.26 | 0.64 |
Nonferrous Material | Reference | Temperature (°C) | Holding Time (h) | Cooling Rate (°C/min) | Warming Rate (°C/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti-6Al-4V alloy | [89] | NP | NP | NP | NP |
Ti-6Al-4V alloy | [82] | −196 | 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 | 20 | 20 |
Ti-6Al-4V alloy | [83] | −180 | 2 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
6061 and 6082 aluminum alloy | [84] | −163 | NP | NP | NP |
6101 aluminum alloy | [88] | −190 | 12 | NP | NP |
AZ91 magnesium alloy | [85] | −196 | 20 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ASTM A 494 M Ni alloy | [90] | NP | NP | NP | NP |
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Jovičević-Klug, P.; Podgornik, B. Review on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment of Metallic Materials in Automotive Applications. Metals 2020, 10, 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10040434
Jovičević-Klug P, Podgornik B. Review on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment of Metallic Materials in Automotive Applications. Metals. 2020; 10(4):434. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10040434
Chicago/Turabian StyleJovičević-Klug, Patricia, and Bojan Podgornik. 2020. "Review on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment of Metallic Materials in Automotive Applications" Metals 10, no. 4: 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10040434