Assessment of Chip Breakability during Turning of Stainless Steels Based on Weight Distributions of Chips †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Workpiece Materials and Cutting Tool
2.2. Conventional Evaluations of Chip Breakability
2.3. Chip Weight Measurement
2.4. Investigation of Non-metallic Inclusions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evaluations by Conventional Methods
3.2. Classification of Chips
3.3. Chip Distributions
3.4. The Difference of the Non-Metallic Inclusions in Two Steel Grades
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steel Grade | Ca-Treated | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Ni | S | O | Ca | Al | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mass %) | (mass ppm) | ||||||||||
316L | No | 0.02 | 0.38 | 1.60 | 16.82 | 11.18 | 70 | 20 | - | 40 | |
316L + Ca | Yes | 0.01 | 0.46 | 1.58 | 16.86 | 11.14 | 90 | 59 | 28 | 40 |
Type of Test | Feed Rates (fn) (mm/rev) | Cutting Depths (ap) (mm) | Cutting Speed (m/min) |
---|---|---|---|
Chip breakability curves | 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 | 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4 | 130, 180 |
Chip chart | 0 → 0.5 (continuous) | 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4 | 130, 180 |
Type of Chips | I | II | III |
---|---|---|---|
Photograph | | | |
IWchip | <0.13 | 0.13–0.27 | >0.27 |
Set | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Speed (m/min) | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 |
ap (mm) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
fn (mm/rev) | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Type I in 316L | - | 6% | 74% | 62% | 11% | 25% | 50% | 38% | 77% | 0% |
Type I in 316L + Ca | - | 21% | 72% | 81% | 13% | 33% | 69% | 61% | 72% | 2% |
Δ (Type I) | - | +15% | −2% | +19% | +2% | +8% | +19% | +23% | −5% | +2% |
Type II in 316L | 15% | 90% | 23% | 35% | 69% | 68% | 42% | 62% | 23% | 36% |
Type II in 316L + Ca | 47% | 75% | 24% | 18% | 78% | 63% | 26% | 39% | 27% | 58% |
Δ (Type II) | +32% | −15% | +1% | −17% | +9% | −5% | −16% | −23% | +4% | +22% |
Type III in 316L | 85% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 20% | 8% | 8% | - | 0% | 64% |
Type III in 316L + Ca | 53% | 4% | 4% | 1% | 9% | 5% | 5% | - | 1% | 40% |
Δ (Type III) | −32% | 0% | +1% | −2% | −11% | −3% | −3% | - | +1% | −24% |
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Du, H.; Karasev, A.; Björk, T.; Lövquist, S.; Jönsson, P.G. Assessment of Chip Breakability during Turning of Stainless Steels Based on Weight Distributions of Chips. Metals 2020, 10, 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050675
Du H, Karasev A, Björk T, Lövquist S, Jönsson PG. Assessment of Chip Breakability during Turning of Stainless Steels Based on Weight Distributions of Chips. Metals. 2020; 10(5):675. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050675
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Hongying, Andrey Karasev, Thomas Björk, Simon Lövquist, and Pär G. Jönsson. 2020. "Assessment of Chip Breakability during Turning of Stainless Steels Based on Weight Distributions of Chips" Metals 10, no. 5: 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050675