High Temperature Dielectric Properties of Iron- and Zinc-Bearing Products during Carbothermic Reduction by Microwave Heating
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Dielectric Characterization as a Function of Temperature
2.3. Dielectric Characterization as a Function of Density
2.4. Thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.5. Mass Spectrometry
2.6. X-Ray Diffraction
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Dielectric Properties, Thermal Analysis and Mass Spectrometry during Carbothermic Reduction
3.2. Dielectric Properties as a Function of Carbon Content
3.3. Dielectric Properties as a Function of Compaction Density
3.4. XRD Characterization
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | wt% | Compound | wt% |
---|---|---|---|
Fetot * | 47.32 | Mn | 0.73 |
C | 13.70 | S | 0.73 |
Zn | 13.41 | Rb | 0.63 |
SiO2 | 12.37 | K2O | 0.59 |
CaO | 4.53 | Pb | 0.53 |
MgO | 3.18 | NaO | 0.16 |
Al2O3 | 2.06 | LOI | n.a. ** |
Mineral Phase | Formula | Abundance |
---|---|---|
Franklinite | ZnFe2O4 | xxxx 1 |
Magnetite | Fe3O4 | xxx |
Ca-Zn Hydroxide Hydrate | Ca(Zn2(OH)6)(H2O)2 | xxx |
Quartz | SiO2 | xxx |
Hematite | Fe2O3 | xxx |
Calcite | CaCO3 | xx |
Carbon | C | xx |
Wüstite | FeO | x |
Metallic Iron | Fe | x |
Zincite | ZnO | x |
Stage | Temperature | Main Reactions |
---|---|---|
1 | 23 °C–330 °C | Free water vaporization Dehydration of Ca-Zn hydroxide hydrate Dehydration of coke |
2 | 330 °C–480 °C | Dehydroxylation of calcium hydroxide Decomposition of light components of coke |
3 | 480 °C–590 °C | Decomposition of zinc ferrite Decomposition of magnetite to metallic iron Decomposition of coke |
4 | 590 °C–680 °C | Reduction of magnetite to wüstite Boudouard reaction |
5 | 680 °C–840 °C | Wüstite reduction to metallic iron Decomposition of calcium carbonate Boudouard reaction |
6 | 840 °C–910 °C | Reduction of zinc oxide to zinc Reduction of remaining iron oxides to metallic iron Boudouard reaction |
7 | 910 °C–1000 °C | Vaporization of zinc Reduction of remaining iron oxides to metallic iron Boudouard reaction |
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García-Baños, B.; Catalá-Civera, J.M.; Sánchez, J.R.; Navarrete, L.; López-Buendía, A.M.; Schmidt, L. High Temperature Dielectric Properties of Iron- and Zinc-Bearing Products during Carbothermic Reduction by Microwave Heating. Metals 2020, 10, 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050693
García-Baños B, Catalá-Civera JM, Sánchez JR, Navarrete L, López-Buendía AM, Schmidt L. High Temperature Dielectric Properties of Iron- and Zinc-Bearing Products during Carbothermic Reduction by Microwave Heating. Metals. 2020; 10(5):693. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050693
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Baños, Beatriz, Jose M. Catalá-Civera, Juan R. Sánchez, Laura Navarrete, Angel M. López-Buendía, and Lukas Schmidt. 2020. "High Temperature Dielectric Properties of Iron- and Zinc-Bearing Products during Carbothermic Reduction by Microwave Heating" Metals 10, no. 5: 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050693