Corrosion Behavior of API-X120 Carbon Steel Alloy in a GTL F-T Process Water Environment at Low COD Concentration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Set-Up and Procedures
2.1. Material and Solution
2.1.1. Working Electrode
2.1.2. GTL Produced Water Characterization
2.2. Experimental Set-Up
2.3. Electrochemical Measurement
2.4. Morphology and Composition Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Temperature.
3.1.1. Potentiodynamic Polarization
3.1.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Data Analysis
3.2. Effect of Immersion Time
3.2.1. Potentiodynamic Polarization Curves
3.2.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
3.3. Effect of Rotation Speed
3.4. Morphology Analysis
3.4.1. Visual Observation
3.4.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis
3.5. XRD Analysis
3.6. XPS Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Unit | Contaminant |
---|---|
F-T reaction | Inorganic compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons |
Cooling tower blow down water | Dissolved solids, suspended solids and heavy metals |
Steam generation unit blow-down water | Dissolved solids and minerals |
Process area, equipment washing and maintenance activities | Oil, emulsified oil and other hydrocarbons |
Parameter, Dimension, (SMWW Method) | Value | Used Method |
---|---|---|
TOC, mg/L | 125.4 | Total organic carbon analyser (TOC-L) |
COD, mg/L | 530 | APHA 5220 C Closed Reflux, Titrimetric Method |
Phenols, mg/L | 0.131 | HAC spectrophotometer |
PH, (4500 H+. B) | 4.18 | Electrometric Method |
Conductivity, μs/cm | 124.6 | Conductivity meter |
Salinity, ppt | 0.06 | Standard method |
TDS, mg/L | 38.5 | Standard method |
TSS, mg/L (APHA 2540 B) | 2.5 | Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103–105 °C |
Component | Unit | Concentration |
---|---|---|
Ammonium | ppm | 8.450 |
Potassium | ppm | 0.058 |
Calcium | ppm | 2.044 |
Magnesium | ppm | 0.068 |
Boron | ppb | <dl * |
Vanadium | ppb | 0.018 |
Iron | ppb | 31.144 |
Copper | ppb | 0.314 |
Barium | ppb | <dl |
Temperature (K) | Immersion Time (min) | Rotation Speed (RPM) |
---|---|---|
293, 303, 313, and 323 | 0, 30, 60, and 120 | 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 |
Temperature (K) | 293 | 303 | 313 | 323 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta A (ba), (V·decade−1) | 0.189 | 0.24 | 0.222 | 0.270 |
Beta C (bc), (V·decade−1) | 0.212 | 0.280 | 0.290 | 0.350 |
Rp, [KΩ·cm2] | 5.691 | 4.619 | 2.562 | 2.256 |
Corrosion Current, Icorr (µA) | 7.623 | 12.15 | 21.31 | 29.34 |
Corrosion Current Density (µA·cm−2) | 9.26 | 14.76 | 25.89 | 35.65 |
Corrosion Potential, Ecorr (mV) | −621.8 | −620.5 | −618.3 | −625.1 |
Corrosion rate (mpy) | 4.238 | 6.753 | 11.85 | 16.31 |
Temperature (K) | Rs | Rct | Qdl | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CPE | n-CPE | |||
[Ω·cm2] | [Ω·cm2] | [Ω−1·cm−2·s−n] | ||
293 | 76 | 1126 | 5.41 × 10−5 | 0.78 |
303 | 63 | 723 | 5.95 × 10−5 | 0.733 |
313 | 48 | 653 | 5.10 × 10−5 | 0.784 |
323 | 32 | 412 | 6.53 × 10−5 | 0.78 |
Time (min) | 0 | 30 | 60 | 120 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta A (ba), (V·decade−1) | 0.240 | 0.205 | 0.177 | 0.145 |
Beta C (bc), (V·decade−1) | 0.280 | 0.214 | 0.187 | 0.154 |
Rp, [KΩ·cm2] | 4.619 | 4.155 | 3.841 | 3.414 |
Corrosion Current, Icorr (µA) | 12.15 | 10.94 | 10.28 | 9.498 |
Corrosion Current Density (µA·cm−2) | 14.76 | 13.29 | 12.49 | 11.54 |
Corrosion Potential, Ecorr (mV) | −620.5 | −616.8 | −611.7 | −607.1 |
Corrosion rate (mpy) | 6.753 | 6.083 | 5.715 | 5.28 |
Time (min) | Rs | Rct | Qdl | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CPE | n-CPE | |||
[Ω·cm2] | [Ω·cm2] | [Ω−1c·m−2·s−n] | ||
0 | 63 | 723 | 5.95 × 10−5 | 0.733 |
30 | 57 | 854 | 6.24 × 10−5 | 0.787 |
60 | 44 | 904 | 6.74 × 10−5 | 0.805 |
120 | 38 | 1204 | 6.73 × 10−5 | 0.822 |
Speed (rpm) | 0 | 500 | 1000 | 2000 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta A (ba), (V·decade−1) | 0.189 | 0.222 | 0.226 | 0.207 |
Beta C (bc), (V·decade−1) | 0.212 | 0.223 | 0.224 | 0.218 |
Rp, [KΩ·cm2] | 5.691 | 5.943 | 5.24 | 4.255 |
Corrosion Current, Icorr (µA) | 7.623 | 8.128 | 9.322 | 10.83 |
Corrosion Current Density (µA·cm−2) | 9.26 | 9.88 | 11.33 | 13.16 |
Corrosion Potential, Ecorr (mV) | −621.8 | −563 | −555 | −545 |
Corrosion rate (mpy) | 4.238 | 7.747 | 8.885 | 10.33 |
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Ewis, D.; Talkhan, A.G.G.; Benamor, A.; Qiblawey, H.; Nasser, M.; Ba-Abbad, M.M.M.; El-Naas, M. Corrosion Behavior of API-X120 Carbon Steel Alloy in a GTL F-T Process Water Environment at Low COD Concentration. Metals 2020, 10, 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060707
Ewis D, Talkhan AGG, Benamor A, Qiblawey H, Nasser M, Ba-Abbad MMM, El-Naas M. Corrosion Behavior of API-X120 Carbon Steel Alloy in a GTL F-T Process Water Environment at Low COD Concentration. Metals. 2020; 10(6):707. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060707
Chicago/Turabian StyleEwis, Dina, Ahmed Gomaa Gomaa Talkhan, Abdelbaki Benamor, Hazim Qiblawey, Mustafa Nasser, Muneer M. M. Ba-Abbad, and Muftah El-Naas. 2020. "Corrosion Behavior of API-X120 Carbon Steel Alloy in a GTL F-T Process Water Environment at Low COD Concentration" Metals 10, no. 6: 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060707