Laser Oscillating Welding of TC31 High-Temperature Titanium Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Weld Appearance and Internal Quality
3.2. Microstructure Characterization
3.3. Mechanical Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Leyens, C.; Peters, M. Titanium and Titanium Alloys; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Boyer, R.R.; Briggs, R.D. The use of β titanium alloys in the aerospace industry. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2005, 14, 681–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiao, Y.; Xu, D.; Wang, S.; Ma, Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, H. Corrosion and tensile behaviors of Ti-4Al-2V-1Mo-1Fe and Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys. Metals 2019, 9, 1213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, P.; Pungotra, H.; Kalsi, N.S. On the characteristics of titanium alloys for the aircraft applications. Mater. Today Proc. 2017, 4, 8971–8982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gogia, A.K. High-temperature titanium alloys. Def. Sci. J. 2005, 55, 149–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evans, R.W.; Hull, R.J.; Wilshire, B. The effects of alpha-case formation on the creep fracture properties of the high-temperature titanium alloy IMI834. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 1996, 56, 492–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narayana, P.L.; Kim, S.W.; Hong, J.K.; Reddy, N.S.; Yeom, J.T. Tensile properties of a newly developed high-temperature titanium alloy at room temperature and 650 °C. Mat. Sci. Eng. A 2018, 718, 287–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Z.L.; Li, H.; Fu, M.W.; Guo, H.Z.; Yao, Z.K. Effect of the initial microstructure on the deformation behavior of Ti60 titanium alloy at high temperature processing. J. Alloy Compd. 2014, 617, 525–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; Kong, F.T.; You, F.H.; Wang, X.P.; Chen, Y.Y. The high-temperature deformation behavior of a novel near-α titanium alloy and hot-forging based on the processing map. Vacuum 2019, 173, 109135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, X.Y.; Zhang, W.J.; Ma, T.; Ye, W.J.; Hui, S.X. Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution of Ti-6Al-3Sn-3Zr-3Mo-3Nb-1W-0.2Si titanium alloy. Mater. Sci. Forum 2016, 879, 1828–1833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.J.; Song, X.Y.; Hui, S.X.; Ye, W.J.; Wang, Y.L.; Wang, W.Q. Tensile behavior at 700 °C in Ti–Al–Sn–Zr–Mo–Nb–W–Si alloy with a bi-modal microstructure. Mat. Sci. Eng. A 2014, 595, 159–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, D.; Wu, Y.; Chen, M.; Xie, L.; Wang, B. High Temperature Flow Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of TC31 Titanium Alloy Sheets. Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 2019, 48, 3901–3910. [Google Scholar]
- Hong, K.M.; Shin, Y.C. Prospects of laser welding technology in the automotive industry: A review. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2017, 245, 46–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopes, J.G.; Oliveira, J.P. A short review on welding and joining of high entropy alloys. Metals 2020, 10, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meijer, J. Laser beam machining (LBM), state of the art and new opportunities. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2004, 149, 2–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehrpouya, M.; Gisario, A.; Elahinia, M. Laser welding of NiTi shape memory alloy: A review. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2018, 31, 162–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, X.; Jahazi, M.; Immarigeon, J.P.; Wallace, W. A review of laser welding techniques for magnesium alloys. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2006, 171, 188–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grbović, A.; Sedmak, A.; Kastratović, G.; Petrašinović, D.; Vidanović, N.; Sghayer, A. Effect of laser beam welded reinforcement on integral skin panel fatigue life. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2019, 101, 383–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reitemeyer, D.; Schultz, V.; Syassen, F.; Seefeld, T.; Vollertsen, F. Laser welding of large scale stainless steel aircraft structures. Phys. Procedia 2013, 41, 106–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nakai, M.; Niinomi, M.; Akahori, T.; Hayashi, K.; Itsumi, Y.; Murakami, S.; Oyama, H. Microstructural factors determining mechanical properties of laser-welded Ti–4.5Al–2.5Cr–1.2Fe–0.1C alloy for use in next-generation aircraft. Mat. Sci. Eng. A 2012, 550, 55–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gursel, A. Crack risk in Nd: YAG laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Mater. Lett. 2017, 197, 233–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quazi, M.M.; Ishak, M.; Fazal, M.A.; Arslan, A.; Rubaiee, S.; Qaban, A.; Manladan, S.M. Current research and development status of dissimilar materials laser welding of titanium and its alloys. Opt. Laser Technol. 2020, 126, 106090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casalino, G.; Losacco, A.M.; Arnesano, A.; Facchini, F.; Pierangeli, M.; Bonserio, C. Statistical analysis and modelling of an Yb: KGW femtosecond laser micro-drilling process. Procedia CIRP 2017, 62, 275–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, X.; Tao, W.; Chen, Y.B.; Fu, J.Y. Microstructure and tensile property of the joint of laser-MIG hybrid welded thick-section TC4 alloy. Metals 2018, 8, 1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Casalino, G.; Facchini, F.; Mortello, M.; Mummolo, G. ANN modelling to optimize manufacturing processes: The case of laser welding. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016, 49, 378–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Gao, M.; Zhang, C.; Zeng, X.Y. Effect of beam oscillating pattern on weld characterization of laser welding of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Mater. Des. 2016, 108, 707–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Xie, J.; Zhou, Y. Effects of oxygen contamination in the argon shielding gas in laser welding of commercially pure titanium thin sheet. J. Mater. Sci. 2005, 40, 3437–3443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Hu, S.S.; Shen, J.Q.; Li, D.L.; Bu, X.Z. Effect of laser beam offset on microstructure and mechanical properties of pulsed laser welded BTi-6431S/TA15 dissimilar titanium alloys. Opt. Laser Technol. 2015, 74, 158–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Z.; Oliveira, J.P.; Bu, X.; Yang, M.; Li, R.; Wang, Z. Laser Welding of BTi-6431S High Temperature Titanium Alloy. Metals 2017, 7, 504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Junaid, M.; Baig, M.N.; Shamir, M.; Khan, F.N.; Rehman, K.; Haider, J. A comparative study of pulsed laser and pulsed TIG welding of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn titanium alloy sheet. Mater. Process. Technol. 2016, 242, 24–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez, C.; Guerra, C.; Silva, D.; Cubillos, M.; Briones, F.; Muñoz, L.; Sancy, M. Effect of porosity on mechanical and electrochemical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Electrochim. Acta 2020, 338, 135858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.F.; Liu, X.P.; Wang, H.X.; Dai, W.; Fu, G.C. Quantitative analysis of weld-pore size and depth and effect on fatigue life of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy weldments. Metals 2017, 7, 417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, L.; Zhang, X.D.; Chen, W.Z.; Bao, G. Repression of porosity with beam weaving laser welding. Trans. China Weld. Inst. 2004, 251, 29–32. [Google Scholar]
- Panwisawas, C.; Perumal, B.; Mark Ward, R.; Turner, N.; Turner, R.P.; Brooks, J.W.; Basoalto, H.C. Keyhole formation and thermal fluid flow-induced porosity during laser fusion welding in titanium alloys: Experimental and modelling. Acta Mater. 2017, 126, 251–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Assuncao, E.; Williams, S. Comparison of continuous wave and pulsed wave laser welding effects. Opt. Laser Eng. 2013, 51, 674–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Element | Ti | Al | Sn | Zr | Mo | Nb | W | Si |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Composition | Balance | 6.0–7.2 | 2.5–3.5 | 2.5–3.5 | 1.0–3.2 | 1.0–3.2 | 0.3–1.2 | 0.1–0.5 |
Temperature | UTS/MPa | YS/MPa | Elongation/% |
---|---|---|---|
RM | 1205 | 1091 | 15.2 |
650 °C | 648 | - | 17.3 |
Sample | Weaving Frequency of Laser Beam (Hz) | Weaving Amplitude of Laser Beam (mm) | Laser Power (W) | Welding Speed (mm/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 200 | 0.1 | 1900 | 1200 |
W2 | 200 | 0.3 | 2000 | 1500 |
W3 | 200 | 0.5 | 2100 | 1800 |
W4 | 300 | 0.1 | 2000 | 1800 |
W5 | 300 | 0.3 | 2100 | 1200 |
W6 | 300 | 0.5 | 1900 | 1500 |
W7 | 400 | 0.1 | 2100 | 1500 |
W8 | 400 | 0.3 | 1900 | 1800 |
W9 | 400 | 0.5 | 2000 | 1200 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, Z.; Sun, L.; Ke, W.; Zeng, Z.; Yao, W.; Wang, C. Laser Oscillating Welding of TC31 High-Temperature Titanium Alloy. Metals 2020, 10, 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091185
Wang Z, Sun L, Ke W, Zeng Z, Yao W, Wang C. Laser Oscillating Welding of TC31 High-Temperature Titanium Alloy. Metals. 2020; 10(9):1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091185
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhimin, Lulu Sun, Wenchao Ke, Zhi Zeng, Wei Yao, and Chunming Wang. 2020. "Laser Oscillating Welding of TC31 High-Temperature Titanium Alloy" Metals 10, no. 9: 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091185