Quantitative Examination of the Inclusion and the Rotated Bending Fatigue Behavior of SAE52100
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Experimental
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Inclusions Evaluated by Metallography and Aspex Explorer
3.2. Rotated Bending Fatigue Experiment Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Accuracy Evaluation of Inclusion Distribution by Different Characterization Methods
4.2. Relationship among Fatigue Stress Amplitude, Inclusion Size and Fatigue Cycles
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The non-metallic inclusions in both LF + RH steel and ESR steel were characterized by the metallographic method, Aspex explore, and rotated bending fatigue test, indicating that both the metallographic method and Aspex explorer underestimate the size of the maximum inclusions. However, the rotated bending fatigue method successfully examined the maximum inclusion size.
- (2)
- The distribution of the maximum inclusions could not be described by the classical Weibull distribution based on the inclusion size, whereas the inverse Weibull distribution of the maximum inclusion size could be well applied based on the inverse value of the maximum inclusions.
- (3)
- The rotated bending fatigue life is not only determined by the loading stress amplitude but also by the maximum inclusion size. The relationship between the rotated bending fatigue cycle number, the loading stress amplitude, and the maximum inclusion size was established and shown to accurately predict the dependence among these three parameters.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Cu | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LF + RH | 1.05 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.014 | <0.005 | 1.42 | 0.014 | 0.058 | <0.010 |
ESR | 1.02 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.009 | <0.005 | 1.50 | 0.027 | 0.042 | 0.020 |
Sample | Ti | Al | N | O | As | Ca | Pb | Sb | Sn |
LF + RH | 0.0012 | 0.025 | 0.0019 | 0.0004 | <0.0050 | 0.0006 | 0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.0004 |
ESR | 0.0014 | 0.018 | 0.0053 | 0.0010 | <0.0077 | <0.0050 | 0.0001 | 0.0012 | 0.00017 |
Sample | Level | A | B | C | D | DS | B (TiN) | D (TiN) | DS (TiN) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LF + RH | thin thick | 0.5 0 | 0.5 0 | 0 0 | 0.5 0 | 1.0 | 0.5 0 | 0.5 0.5 | 1.0 |
VIM + ESR | Thin thick | 0 0 | 0.5 0 | 0 0 | 0.5 0 | 1.0 | 0.5 0 | 0.5 0.5 | 1.0 |
Constants | α | C1 | β | C2 | δ | γ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−1.47 | 8.13 × 10 59 | −16.91 | 3490 | 0.059 | 0.087 |
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An, X.; Shi, Z.; Xu, H.; Wang, C.; Wang, Y.; Cao, W.; Yu, J. Quantitative Examination of the Inclusion and the Rotated Bending Fatigue Behavior of SAE52100. Metals 2021, 11, 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101502
An X, Shi Z, Xu H, Wang C, Wang Y, Cao W, Yu J. Quantitative Examination of the Inclusion and the Rotated Bending Fatigue Behavior of SAE52100. Metals. 2021; 11(10):1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101502
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Xueliang, Zhiyue Shi, Haifeng Xu, Cunyu Wang, Yuhui Wang, Wenquan Cao, and Jinku Yu. 2021. "Quantitative Examination of the Inclusion and the Rotated Bending Fatigue Behavior of SAE52100" Metals 11, no. 10: 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101502