Influence of High-Pressure Torsion on the Microstructure and Microhardness of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Microstructural Analysis
3.2. XRD Analysis
3.3. Microhardness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- SEM, EBSD, and EDX analysis reveal that the as-received L-PBF AM-fabricated 316L SS contains unique microstructures comprising of square melt pools with LAGBs and HAGBs, cellular-sub-structure networks, and spherical Cr-based nano-silicates.
- Microscopy observations show that the cellular sub-structure networks in the as-received disk are destroyed after 5 HPT revolutions, while the Cr-based nano-silicates are not annihilated, just displaced due to the HPT-imposed torsional strain.
- HPT processing through 5 revolutions successfully produces ultrafine grain sizes with an average of 115 ± 16 nm, accompanied by a significant increase in dislocation density.
- The model based on linear additive theory estimated that the hardness increase at the central disk area after 5 HPT revolutions was contributed to by grain boundary hardening (~48%), dislocation hardening (~31%) and Orowan strengthening (~21%).
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Cr | Ni | Mo | Mn | Si | P | C | S | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 16.5–18.5 | 10.0–13.0 | 2.0–2.5 | <2.0 | <1.0 | <0.045 | <0.030 | <0.030 | Bal. |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Laser power, P (W) | 200 |
Scan speed, v (mm s−1) | 1600 |
Layer thickness (µm) | 30 |
Scan line spacing (µm) | 150 |
Scan strategy | Island (5 mm × 5 mm) |
Particle | Cr | Si | O | Fe | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 14.07 | 19.41 | 66.52 | - | - |
B | 15.25 | 21.62 | 63.13 | - | - |
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Mohd Yusuf, S.; Chen, Y.; Gao, N. Influence of High-Pressure Torsion on the Microstructure and Microhardness of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel. Metals 2021, 11, 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101553
Mohd Yusuf S, Chen Y, Gao N. Influence of High-Pressure Torsion on the Microstructure and Microhardness of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel. Metals. 2021; 11(10):1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101553
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Yusuf, Shahir, Ying Chen, and Nong Gao. 2021. "Influence of High-Pressure Torsion on the Microstructure and Microhardness of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel" Metals 11, no. 10: 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101553