Investigations into Ti-Based Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Purposes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Ti-10Nb-10Zr-5Ta.
- Ti-20Nb-20Zr-4Ta.
- Ti-29.3Nb-13.6Zr-1.9Fe.
- metallic Ti with controlled oxygen content (Ti grade 3), with a composition according to DIN 3.7055, containing 0.30% Fe, 0.05% N2, 0.25% O2, max. 0.013% H2, 0.10% C, balance Ti, provided by ZIROM Giurgiu, Romania.
- metallic Nb, 99.81% containing: 0.005% Fe; 0.005% Si; 0.010% Mo; 0.010% W; 0.002% Ti; 0.002% Cr; 0.1% Ta; 0.005% Ni; 0.02% O2; 0.02% C; 0.0015% H2; 0.015% N2; balance Nb (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA).
- metallic Zr, 99.6% with the following composition: 0.01% Fe; 0.035% Si; 0.03% Mo; 0.05% W; 0.01% Ti; 0.02% Ni; 0.02% O2; 0.01% C; 0.0015% H2; 0.01% N2; 0.2% Nb; balance Zr, provided by ZIROM Giurgiu, Romania.
- metallic Ta, 99.59% with the following composition: 0.01% Fe; 0.05% Si; 0.02% Mo; 0.05% W; 0.01% Ti; 0.01% Ni; 0.03% O2; 0.01% C; 0.0015% H2; 0.01% N2; 0.2% Nb; balance Ta (Alfa Aesar Chemicals, Ward Hill, MA, USA).
- Fe, with: 0.015% C; 0.01% Si; 0.02% Mn; 0.02% S; 0.01% P; 0.015% O2; balance Fe (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA).
- ingot diameter: 20 mm; -vacuum (primary and secondary).
- primary vine: 4 × 10−2 torr.
- secondary vine: 9 × 10−4 torr.
- inert working atmosphere (argon): −0.3 bar.
- electrical parameters of the levitation melting furnace.
- power: 23–24 kW.
- frequency: 105–110 Hz.
- cooling of the vacuum system, generator and melting module (crucible/ingot mold): continuous.
- MICRACUT 201 precision cutting machine, with diamond disc, with variable cutting speed, table with automatic movement on the X-axis with digital positioning, power 1 kW.
- Rolling mill (Mario di Maio, LQR120AS, laboratory mill) with a power of 4 kW, with variable working speed.
- Heat treatment furnace (Nabertherm High Temperature Furnace HTC 08/16/P330 LC080K6SN, Germany) with a maximum heating temperature of 1600 °C; volume 15 l, accuracy higher than 1 °C, with the possibility of programming the treatment diagram (programming was performed in steps of 1 °C or 1 min).
- cold rolling, with the alloy samples in the cast state, cut to the appropriate thickness, deformed with a maximum degree of 10% at each pass; the total degree of deformation was specific to each type of alloy.
- recrystallization treatment, which was necessary to finish the structure of the alloys after rolling, with the following parameters: recrystallization temperature; recrystallization time (maintenance at the highest temperature); cooling in water.
- cutting the ingot in a cast state to obtain the alloy strips.
- cold rolling of the cast alloy strips.
- recrystallization of laminated strips.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Characterization and Structural Analysis of the Cast Alloys
- -
- the elements in the alloys demonstrated great differences between their melting temperatures (from 1538 °C in the case of Fe to 1668 °C for Ti, 1855 °C for Zr, 2500 °C for Nb and about 3000 °C for Ta), which influenced the choice of synthesis process, because the temperature reached in the processing furnace needed to be high enough to obtain a homogeneous composition without un-melted metal after the solidification.
- -
- the alloys contained elements with densities with different ratios: 1:1.5, 1:1.7; 1:2 and 1:4, which made it difficult to create a uniform composition, which then required an intensive homogenization system.
- -
- the binary equilibrium diagrams of Ti with Nb, Zr, Ta and Fe highlighted their total liquid solubility with the formation of solid solutions.
- -
- heavy reactivity of the main elements in the composition of the alloys as the temperature increased towards the gases (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen), starting from 250 °C, with the formation of compounds that excessively hardened the alloys, developing centers of chemical and structural non-uniformity that affected the resistance corrosion.
3.2. Design of the Method of Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Alloys
3.3. Structural Characterization of Alloys after Recrystallization Treatment
3.4. Mechanical Characterization of Processed Alloys
4. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloys | Composition | Total Charge | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | Nb | Zr | Ta | Fe | ||||
1 | Ti10Nb10Zr5Ta | (% mass) | 75.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 | – | |
(g) | 112.5 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 7.5 | – | 150.0 | ||
2 | Ti20Nb20Zr4Ta | (% mass) | 56.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 4.0 | – | |
(g) | 84.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 6.0 | – | 150.0 | ||
3 | Ti29.3Nb13,6Zr1.9Fe | (% mass) | 55.2 | 29.3 | 16.6 | – | 1.9 | |
(g) | 82.8 | 43.9 | 20.4 | – | 2.9 | 150.0 |
Alloys | Ultimate Tensile Strength σUTS [MPa] | 0.2 Yield Strength σ0.2 [MPa] | Elongation to Fracture ε [%] | Elastic Modulus E [GPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ti10Nb10Zr5Ta | 742 ± 10 | 397 ± 8 | 13.9 ± 0.2 | 44 ± 2 |
Ti20Nb20Zr4Ta | 716 ± 10 | 335 ± 5 | 14.8 ± 0.1 | 42 ± 3 |
Ti29.3Nb13.6Zr1.9Fe | 995 ± 3 | 570 ± 7 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 46 ± 5 |
Ti29.3Nb13.6Zr1.9Fe laminated | 1355 ± 5 | 690 ± 5 | 8.7 ± 0.2 | 51 ± 2 |
Ti29.3Nb13.6Zr1.9Fe recrystallized for 5 min | 933 ± 1 | 824 ± 3 | 14.2 ± 0.2 | 65 ± 5 |
Ti29.3Nb13.6Zr1.9Fe recrystallized for 15 min | 909 ± 4 | 786 ± 5 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | 63 ± 5 |
Ti6Al4V [33,37] | 895–1300 | 830–1100 | 10 | 100–120 |
Alloys | Composition of the Alloys (% wt) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | Nb | Zr | Ta | Fe | |
Ti-10Nb-10Zr-5Ta | 74.89 | 10.06 | 9.94 | 5.01 | |
Ti-20Nb-20Zr-4Ta | 55.93 | 20.01 | 19.92 | 4.03 | |
Ti-29,3Nb-13.6Zr-1.,9Fe | 55.10 | 29.39 | 13.55 | 1.91 |
Alloy | Initial Thickness of the Strips [mm] | Rolling Speed [m/min] | Degree of Deformation at One Pass [%] | Total Degree of Deformation [%] | Final Thickness of the Strips [mm] | Recrystallization Temperature [°C] | Holding Time at the Maximum Temperature [min] | Cooling Medium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti10Nb10Zr5Ta | 4 | 3 | 10 | 50 | 2 | 920 | 15 | Water |
Ti20Nb20Zr4Ta | 4 | 3 | 10 | 50 | 2 | 920 | 15 | Water |
Ti29.3Nb13.6Zr1.9Fe | 6.5 | 3 | About 10 | 87 | 0.84 | 950 | 5 and 15 | Water |
Alloy | Time of the Recrystallization [min] | Number of the Gains [nr.] | The Average Size of the Grains [μm] |
---|---|---|---|
Ti29.3Nb13.6Zr1,9Fe | 5 | 375 | 41.8 |
15 | 154 | 64.5 |
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Peter, I. Investigations into Ti-Based Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Purposes. Metals 2021, 11, 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101626
Peter I. Investigations into Ti-Based Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Purposes. Metals. 2021; 11(10):1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101626
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter, Ildiko. 2021. "Investigations into Ti-Based Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Purposes" Metals 11, no. 10: 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101626