Influence of Aluminum on Fatigue Strength of Solution-Strengthened Nodular Cast Iron
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Casting
2.2. Specimen Analyses
2.3. Fatigue Tests
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Aluminum on Silicon Segregation
3.2. Fatigue Tests
3.3. Root Cause Analysis
3.3.1. Fractography
3.3.2. Graphite Morphology
3.3.3. Electron Backscatter Diffraction Measurements (EBSD)
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- Adding 0.18 wt.% Al to a high silicon-alloyed nodular cast iron resulted in a significantly higher fatigue strength based on the 50% failure probability. This positive effect was diminished by the increased scatter of the fatigue endurance limit of alloy A1.
- The aluminum affects several constituents of the microstructure including the graphite and orientation of ferrite grains.
- The fatigue strength of high silicon-alloyed nodular cast iron can possibly be specifically adjusted by the addition of aluminum. To achieve this, more alloys with aluminum contents between 0.0 wt.% and about 0.2 wt.% Al must be investigated.
- Investigation of the influence of adding aluminum to high silicon-alloyed nodular cast iron on mold filling.
- Systematic investigation of the influence of aluminum on texture formation in ferrite.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Specimen | Crack Locus | √ Area [µm] | √ Sum Area [µm] |
---|---|---|---|
1_1 | Micro shrinkage | 101.8 | - |
- | Micro shrinkage | 72.2 | - |
- | Micro shrinkage | 65.6 | 141.0 |
1_3 | Micro shrinkage | 39.8 | - |
- | Graphite | 34.9 | 52.9 |
1_6 | Micro shrinkage | 82.8 | 82.8 |
1_8 | Micro shrinkage | 122.7 | - |
- | Micro shrinkage | 72.7 | 142.6 |
1_11 | Micro shrinkage | 106.9 | 106.9 |
1_13 | Graphite | 99.6 | 99.6 |
1_15 | Micro shrinkage | 107.5 | 107.5 |
1_17 | Micro shrinkage | 77.8 | 77.8 |
1_19 | Micro shrinkage | 109.3 | 109.3 |
Specimen | Crack Locus | √ Area [µm] | √ Sum Area [µm] |
---|---|---|---|
2_8 | Graphite | 50.3 | - |
- | Graphite | 79.7 | - |
- | Graphite | 74.3 | - |
- | Graphite | 67.4 | - |
- | Graphite | 53.3 | 147.6 |
2_10 | Graphite | 73.3 | - |
- | Graphite | 58.2 | 93.6 |
2_11 | Graphite | 100.8 | 100.8 |
2_12 | Graphite | 45.1 | - |
- | Graphite | 65.1 | - |
- | Graphite | 104.7 | - |
- | Graphite | 85.0 | - |
- | Graphite | 47.8 | 163.5 |
2_13 | Graphite | 102.1 | 102.1 |
2_16 | Graphite | 74.2 | 74.2 |
2_18 | Graphite | 74.4 | - |
- | Graphite | 81.3 | 110.9 |
2_23 | Graphite | 160.4 | 160.4 |
Specimen | Crack Locus | √ Area [µm] | √ Sum Area [µm] |
---|---|---|---|
3_4 | Graphite | 124.5 | 124.5 |
3_5 | Micro shrinkage | 135.4 | - |
- | Micro shrinkage | 121.2 | 181.7 |
3_10 | Graphite | 67.1 | - |
- | Graphite | 91.7 | - |
- | Graphite | 46.3 | 122.7 |
3_12 | Graphite | 123.4 | - |
- | Graphite | 40.0 | 129.7 |
3_11 | Micro shrinkage | 129.6 | 129.6 |
3_13 | Graphite | 102.6 | - |
- | Micro shrinkage | 39.3 | 109.8 |
3_18 | Micro shrinkage | 117.1 | 117.1 |
3_22 | Graphite | 115.0 | - |
- | Graphite | 73.2 | - |
- | Graphite | 34.0 | - |
- | Graphite | 68.3 | - |
- | Graphite | 61.3 | 167.8 |
Step No. | Sandpaper Grit/ Polishing Grit | Grinding Force [N] | Time [min:s] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 80 | 25 | 2:00 |
2 | 180 | 25 | 2:00 |
3 | 320 | 25 | 2:00 |
4 | 500 | 25 | 2:00 |
5 | 1000 | 20 | 3:00 |
6 | 9 µm | 25 | 4:00 |
7 | 3 µm | 25 | 4:00 |
8 | 0.25 µm | 30 | 6:00 |
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Alloy | Carbon | Silicon | Aluminum | Magnesium | Carbon Equivalent (CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 2.77 | 4.33 | 0.00 | 0.068 | 4.21 |
A2 | 2.77 | 4.26 | 0.33 | 0.068 | 4.19 |
A3 | 2.68 | 4.49 | 0.18 | 0.059 | 4.18 |
Alloy | Nodularity DIN [%] | Nodularity ASTM [%] | Nodule Count [1/mm2] |
---|---|---|---|
A1 | 74.4 | 86.0 | 75.3 |
A2 | 43.8 | 73.0 | 54.1 |
A3 | 58.7 | 78.2 | 50.6 |
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Gebhardt, C.; Nellessen, J.; Bührig-Polaczek, A.; Broeckmann, C. Influence of Aluminum on Fatigue Strength of Solution-Strengthened Nodular Cast Iron. Metals 2021, 11, 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020311
Gebhardt C, Nellessen J, Bührig-Polaczek A, Broeckmann C. Influence of Aluminum on Fatigue Strength of Solution-Strengthened Nodular Cast Iron. Metals. 2021; 11(2):311. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020311
Chicago/Turabian StyleGebhardt, Christian, Johannes Nellessen, Andreas Bührig-Polaczek, and Christoph Broeckmann. 2021. "Influence of Aluminum on Fatigue Strength of Solution-Strengthened Nodular Cast Iron" Metals 11, no. 2: 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020311