The Influence of La and Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Fe Alloy at High Temperature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Al Alloys | UTS T > 100 °C | UTS T > 200 °C | UTS T > 250 °C | UTS T > 300 °C | UTS T > 350 °C | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A319 | 225 MPa/200 °C | 90.8 MPa/300 °C | 25.6 MPa/400 °C | [19] | ||
360 | 150 MPa/205 °C | 50 MPa/315 °C | 30 MPa/370 °C | [20] | ||
A360 | 145 MPa/205 °C | 45 MPa/315 °C | 30 MPa/370 °C | [20] | ||
359 | 125 MPa/260 °C | 50 MPa/315 °C | 30 MPa/370 °C | [21] | ||
319 | 140 MPa/200 °C | 66 MPa/315 °C | 48 MPa/370 °C | [22] | ||
332 | 165 MPa/205 °C | 110 MPa/260 °C | 90 MPa/315 °C | [23] | ||
354 | 325 MPa/150 °C | 290 MPa/205 °C | 90 MPa/315 °C | [24] | ||
355/T5 | 160 MPa/150 °C | 103 MPa/205 °C | 25 MPa/371 °C | [25] | ||
356/T6 | 83 MPa/205 °C | 28 MPa/315 °C | 17 MPa/375 °C | [26] | ||
A357/T62 | 270 MPa/150 °C | 250 MPa/205 °C | 70 MPa/315 °C | [27] | ||
EN-AC46000 | 215 MPa/200 °C | 110 MPa/300 °C | 20 MPa/400 °C | [28] |
2. Experimental
2.1. Sample Manufacturing
2.1.1. Alloy Fabrication
2.1.2. Sample Casting
2.1.3. Sample Quality Assurance
2.2. Material Characterization
2.2.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
2.2.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.2.3. Hardness
2.2.4. Tensile Tests at Room and Elevated Temperatures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Internal Soundness of the Test Material
3.2. Microstructural Characteristics
3.3. Mechanical Properties Characteristics
3.3.1. Hardness
3.3.2. Tensile Properties
3.4. Modeling Particle Contribution to the Strength
4. Conclusions
- Squeeze-casting could be used to produce a sound material for all compositions
- (Ce and La) addition primarily resulted in the precipitation of Al11(Ce, La)3 and a possible modification of the α-Al15(Fe, Mn)3Si2, as Chinese script precipitates were absent.
- Al11(Ce, La)3 precipitated, as a primary precipitate, in small amounts at 2% (Ce and La) additions. At 4% (Ce and La) addition, a fully developed coarse primary precipitated plate-like Al11(Ce, La)3 formed.
- (Ce and La) additions did affect the mechanical properties due to the precipitation of Al11(Ce, La)3 phase.
- At room temperature, the UTS significantly drop with the additions of (Ce and La). The 4% RE addition showed the biggest drop of 59% strength compared with the material without RE addition. This drop was due to the cracks formed in the coarse primary Al11(Ce, La)3 phases; the stress concentration was arising from the high aspect ratio plate-like phases;
- At 200 °C, the 1% (Ce and La) additions showed the highest UTS. The improvement at 200 °C was 6.7% compared to the material without RE addition. The reason for the improvement was the smaller size precipitates carry part of the load without causing detrimental stress concentrations;
- At 300 °C, the 2% (Ce and La) additions showed the highest UTS (115.36 MPa), which is a 54.63% strength improvement compared to the RE-free material. A network structure of Al11(Ce, La)3 appears, that through a distributed load-bearing effect improved the high-temperature strength;
- At 400 °C, the 4% (Ce and La) additions showed the highest UTS 47.82 MPa, which is a 108.91% strength-improvement compared with RE-free addition. Although the large plate-like morphology of the primary precipitated Al11(Ce, La)3 phase significantly hampers the room temperature UTS, the high-temperature stable phases could carry the load and improve the high-temperature strength.
- Through the modeling analysis, the nature of the strengthening mechanisms revealed that the dominant contribution to yield strength was the load-bearing mechanism.
- Similarly, elastic modulus mismatch contributed to hardening and thus also kept the tensile strength high (UTS).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloy No. | EN AC 46000 | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | (wt)% | (wt)% | (wt)% | (wt)% | (wt)% | |
Copper (Cu) | 2–4 | 1.84 | 1.82 | 1.92 | 1.84 | Ecotoxicity |
Nickel (Ni) | <0.55 | 1.74 | 1.76 | 1.87 | 1.73 | Elevated temperature performance |
Iron (Fe) | 0.6–1.1 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.10 | Kept low for ductility |
Manganese (Mn) | <0.55 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.76 | 0.74 | Solution hardening |
Titanium (Ti) | 0.2 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.25 | Grain refinement |
Magnesium (Mg) | 0.15–0.55 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.91 | Wetting agent for SiC additions |
Silicon (Si) | 8–11 | 10.00 | 9.88 | 10.20 | 9.50 | Castability and hardness |
Cerium (Ce) | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | Target for study |
Lanthanum (La) | - | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | Target for study |
Zinc (Zn) | <1.2 | - | - | - | - | |
Chromium (Cr) | <0.15 | - | - | - | - | |
Aluminum (Al) | Bal. | Bal. | Bal. | Bal. | Bal. |
Alloy | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
SDAS (µm) | 27.31 ± 0.72 | 28.80 ± 3.10 | 32.00 ± 5.71 | 26.28 ± 4.09 |
Particle Feret diameter (µm) | - | 14.35 ± 7.13 | 19.70 ± 12.37 | 40.62 ± 31.38 |
Particle fraction (%) | 0 | 0.65 | 3.12 | 7.23 |
Ce weight percentage in particles (%) | 0 | 0.09 | 0.48 | 1.15 |
La weight percentage in particles (%) | 0 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 1.15 |
Alloys | Yield Strength/YS (MPa) | Hardness | |||
RT | 200 °C | 300 °C | 400 °C | HB | |
A1 | 196 | 161 | 59 | 19. | 70 |
A2 | 196. | 154 | 69 | 28 | 70 |
A3 | 178 | 150 | 74 | 33 | 66 |
A4 | 104 | 103 | 78 | 41 | 68 |
Alloys | Tensile Properties/UTS (MPa) | ||||
RT | 200 °C | 300 °C | 400 °C | ||
EN AC 46000 | 280 | 215 | 110 | 20 | [27] |
A1 | 255 | 250 | 75 | 23 | |
A2 | 237 | 253 | 87 | 33 | |
A3 | 178 | 210 | 115 | 33 | |
A4 | 104 | 103 | 93 | 48 | |
Alloys | Elongations/ε (m/m) | ||||
RT | 200 °C | 300 °C | 400 °C | ||
A1 | 0.00940 | 0.02830 | 0.07890 | 0.13690 | |
A2 | 0.01090 | 0.01580 | 0.05120 | 0.22820 | |
A3 | 0.00630 | 0.01140 | 0.02010 | 0.14500 | |
A4 | 0.01500 | 0.00130 | 0.00830 | 0.04650 |
Parameter | Yield Strength/YS (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
RT | 200 °C | 300 °C | 400 °C | |
196.39 | 161 | 59.2 | 19.19 | |
0 | ||||
477 | ||||
1.47 |
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Du, A.; Jarfors, A.E.W.; Zheng, J.; Wang, K.; Yu, G. The Influence of La and Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Fe Alloy at High Temperature. Metals 2021, 11, 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030384
Du A, Jarfors AEW, Zheng J, Wang K, Yu G. The Influence of La and Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Fe Alloy at High Temperature. Metals. 2021; 11(3):384. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030384
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Andong, Anders E. W. Jarfors, Jinchuan Zheng, Kaikun Wang, and Gegang Yu. 2021. "The Influence of La and Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Fe Alloy at High Temperature" Metals 11, no. 3: 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030384