Tests and Finite Element Simulation of Yield Anisotropy and Tension-Compression Strength Difference of an Extruded ZK60 Mg Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Electron Backscatter Diffraction Characterization
2.3. Compression and Tension Tests
2.4. Large Deformation Constitutive Relationship
2.5. FE Algorithm
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Yield Surfaces
3.2. FE Simulation
3.2.1. Uniaxial Loading
3.2.2. Biaxial Loading
3.2.3. Loading-Reverse Loading
3.2.4. Orthogonal Loading
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- As a typical plain Mg alloy, extruded ZK60 alloy exhibited significant anisotropy, tension-compression SDE, and evolution effect during low-temperature continuous large deformation yield. At an accumulative strain of 0.002, the shape of the yield surface in 2D stress space approximated an ellipse. As the accumulative plastic strain increased, the yield surface not only expanded or shrank in proportion to the ratio of the X uniaxial tensile stresses but also simultaneously rotated and distorted, evolving into convex and smooth closed curves with various shapes. At an accumulative strain of 0.02, the yield difference between X uniaxial compression and Y uniaxial compression was 24.0 MPa and the relative difference was as high as 29.81%. At an accumulative strain of 0.03, the yield difference between X uniaxial tension and Y uniaxial tension was 29.5 MPa and the relative difference reached 34.1%. At an accumulative strain of 0.005, the X tension-compression yield difference was 15.5 MPa and the relative difference reached 47.69%. At a strain of 0.08, the Y tension-compression yield difference was 15.5 MPa and the relative difference reached 15.98%.
- (2)
- For the stress-strain relationships and hardening rates of all loading routes, the simulation results considering the yield surface evolution effect were approximately the same as the experiments, and the analytical interpolation approach was more reasonable and accurate than the linear interpolation approach. When the accumulative plastic strain was large, the simulation results without considering the evolution effect, excluding X uniaxial tension, clearly deviated from the experiments (X uniaxial tension loading route had no evolution effect).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Anisotropic Parameters
Accumulative Strain | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.002 | 2.4471 | 1.5893 | 1.8993 | −3.0488 | 1.8039 | 0.1907 |
0.005 | 2.3012 | 2.0952 | 2.3461 | −3.5066 | 3.3914 | 1.7276 |
0.02 | 2.7272 | 1.5982 | 2.0132 | 1.9202 | −2.5080 | 1.0119 |
0.03 | 2.6899 | 1.6051 | 1.9641 | 1.3268 | −2.6129 | 0.4817 |
0.05 | 4.0847 | −1.9385 | −1.5062 | −3.6341 | 1.0257 | −0.6727 |
0.06 | −4.0161 | 1.5390 | 1.8903 | −3.3660 | 1.3945 | −0.6182 |
0.07 | 2.2631 | 1.7445 | 1.6669 | −3.3561 | 1.7480 | −0.6018 |
0.08 | 2.1797 | 1.7119 | 1.6179 | −3.6647 | 2.6909 | −0.5138 |
0.1 | 2.1489 | 1.7298 | 1.5953 | −3.6777 | 2.7790 | −0.4869 |
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Zr | Zn | Al | Si | Fe | Cu | Ni | Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.48 | 5.70 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.004 | Balance |
Uniaxial loading: boundary conditions imposed on end faces | X Uniaxial Tension | X Uniaxial Compression | Y Uniaxial Tension | Y Uniaxial Compression |
Biaxial loading: boundary conditions imposed on end faces | Equibiaxial Tension | Equibiaxial Compression | X Tension-Y Compression | X Compression-Y Tension |
X Uniaxial Tension (A = 2) | X Uniaxial Compression (B = 2) | Y Uniaxial Tension (A = 2) | Y Uniaxial Compression (B = 2) |
| | | |
Equibiaxial Tension (C = 2) | Equibiaxial Compression (C = 2) | X Tension-Y Compression (D = 2) | X Compression-Y Tension (D = 2) |
| | | |
Accumulative Plastic Strain | X Uniaxial Compression (MPa) | X Uniaxial Tension (MPa) | Y Uniaxial Compression (MPa) | Y Uniaxial Tension (MPa) | Relative Difference between X Tension and X Compression | Relative Difference between Y Tension and Y Compression | Relative Difference between X Tension and Y Tension | Relative Difference between X Compression and Y Compression |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.002 | 30.0 | 30.5 | 24.0 | 24.5 | 1.67% | 2.08% | 24.49% | 25.00% |
0.005 | 32.5 | 48.0 | 34.0 | 38.0 | 47.69% | 11.76% | 26.32% | 4.62% |
0.02 | 104.5 | 113.5 | 80.5 | 85.0 | 8.61% | 5.59% | 33.53% | 29.81% |
0.03 | 109.2 | 116.0 | 85.5 | 86.5 | 6.23% | 1.17% | 34.10% | 27.72% |
0.05 | 115.7 | 115.0 | 105.2 | 90.0 | 0.61% | 16.89% | 27.78% | 9.98% |
0.06 | 119.0 | 117.0 | 108.5 | 95.0 | 1.71% | 14.21% | 23.16% | 9.68% |
0.07 | 120.5 | 116.8 | 110.5 | 96.5 | 3.17% | 14.51% | 21.04% | 9.05% |
0.08 | 124.0 | 114.0 | 112.5 | 97.0 | 8.77% | 15.98% | 17.53% | 10.22% |
0.1 | 120.0 | 110.0 | 110.0 | 95.0 | 9.09% | 15.79% | 15.79% | 9.09% |
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Wang, J.; Tang, Y.; Ye, J.; Xie, C. Tests and Finite Element Simulation of Yield Anisotropy and Tension-Compression Strength Difference of an Extruded ZK60 Mg Alloy. Metals 2021, 11, 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040576
Wang J, Tang Y, Ye J, Xie C. Tests and Finite Element Simulation of Yield Anisotropy and Tension-Compression Strength Difference of an Extruded ZK60 Mg Alloy. Metals. 2021; 11(4):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040576
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jun, Yan Tang, Jianhui Ye, and Chao Xie. 2021. "Tests and Finite Element Simulation of Yield Anisotropy and Tension-Compression Strength Difference of an Extruded ZK60 Mg Alloy" Metals 11, no. 4: 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040576