Corrosion Fatigue Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Electrochemical Corrosion Testing
2.3. Mechanical and Corrosion Fatigue Testing
2.4. Microstructural Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Electrochemical Measurement
3.1.1. PP Test for Pitting Corrosion
3.1.2. Cyclic Polarization (CP) for Repassivation
3.2. High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) and Fatigue Crack Propagation (FCP) in Air and 3.5 wt.% NaCl Solution
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The LPBF 316L SSs demonstrate, in general, improved corrosion resistance compared to conventionally manufactured 316L, as reflected by the increased pitting potential and higher repassivation potential.
- While the endurance limit of high cycle fatigue testing is comparable between conventional and LPBF 316L in air, it is significantly higher for LPBF 316L than conventional ones in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution.
- The crack growth rate in air is, in general, higher in LPBF samples than in conventional ones. However, the growth rate in conventional 316L accelerates in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution as the crack grows further. At reduced frequency in solution, the crack growth becomes retarded as the crack advances in the LPBF 316L.
- The enhanced pitting corrosion resistance, higher endurance limit, and lower crack growth rate as the crack propagates in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution of LPBF 316L compared to the conventional ones is likely to relate to the dislocation subgrain structure of the LPBF sample.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Power (P) W | Scan Speed (v) mm/s | Hatch Spacing (H) μm | Energy Density (E) J/mm3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 150 | 1083.0 | 90 | 76.9 |
S2 | 195 | 1083.0 | 90 | 100.0 |
S3 | 240 | 1083.0 | 90 | 123.1 |
S4 | 150 | 1083.0 | 50 | 138.50 |
S5 | 195 | 1083.0 | 50 | 180.06 |
S6 | 240 | 1083.0 | 50 | 221.61 |
S7 | 195 | 1407.9 | 90 | 76.9 |
Sample Condition | 150 W | 195 W | 240 W | 150 W | 195 W | 240 W | Conventional |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
90 μm | 50 μm | ||||||
Ecorr, mV vs. SCE | −159.6 ± 6.3 | −165.4 ± 4.5 | −151.6 ± 7.4 | −154.9 ± 0.4 | −163.2 ± 3.4 | −164.4 ± 6.6 | −164.0 ± 7.9 |
Icorr, nA/cm2 | 27.9 ± 2.9 | 28.9 ± 11.7 | 28.3 ± 1.2 | 35.7 ± 4.2 | 37.7 ± 4.1 | 28.5 ± 3.4 | 24.9 ± 6.5 |
Epitt, mV vs. SCE | 635.5 ± 46.5 | 669.5 ± 36.5 | 639.5 ± 47.5 | 692.1 ± 65.2 | 744.5 ± 32.5 | 680.5 ± 0.5 | 458.0 ± 23.3 |
Conventional | LPBF-XY | LPBF-XZ | |
---|---|---|---|
Erepass, mV vs. SCE | 255.5 ± 33.6 | 370.0 ± 20.1 | 410.0 ± 19.5 |
Epitt-Erepass, mV vs. SCE | 297.4 ± 81.1 | 225.2 ± 38.9 | 257.5 ± 37.0 |
(a) | Number of Life Cycle to Failure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum Stress, MPa | Conventional | LPBF50μ | |||
air | 3.5 wt.% NaCl | air | 3.5 wt.% NaCl | ||
600 | 1.01 × 105 | 4.88 × 104 | 5.37 × 104 | 4.68 × 104 | |
550 | 1.65 × 105 | X | 1.28 × 105 | X | |
500 | 2.41 × 105 | 8.59 × 104 | 6.01 × 104 | 1.18 × 105 | |
475 | 1.00 × 107 | X | 1.00 × 107 | 1.87 × 105 | |
450 | X | X | X | 1.00 × 107 | |
400 | X | 2.33 × 105 | X | X | |
350 | X | 5.91 × 105 | X | X | |
325 | X | 1.00 × 107 | X | X | |
(b) | m, Fatigue Crack Propagation at R = 0.833 | ||||
Conventional | LPBF50μ | ||||
Air | 3.5 wt.% NaCl, 20 Hz | 3.5 wt.% NaCl, 2 Hz | air | 3.5 wt.% NaCl, 20 Hz | 3.5 wt.% NaCl, 2 Hz |
6.02 | 4.54 | 5.84 | 4.43 | 1.88 | 2.16 |
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Gnanasekaran, B.; Song, J.; Vasudevan, V.; Fu, Y. Corrosion Fatigue Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Metals 2021, 11, 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071046
Gnanasekaran B, Song J, Vasudevan V, Fu Y. Corrosion Fatigue Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Metals. 2021; 11(7):1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071046
Chicago/Turabian StyleGnanasekaran, Balachander, Jie Song, Vijay Vasudevan, and Yao Fu. 2021. "Corrosion Fatigue Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion" Metals 11, no. 7: 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071046