Cooling Rate Controlled Aging of a Co-Free Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti-Al Maraging Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- A slow cooling rate can be treated as an extension of the aging heat treatment, that uses lower temperatures. Longer cooling times can result in a higher volume fraction of precipitates and a higher hardness level.
- Solid solution hardening can play an important role for the total strength in under-peak aged precipitation hardened materials and peak hardness can be achieved with early stages of the precipitates.
- The highest hardness of this alloy can be achieved with a long cooling time and without significant loss of impact toughness. There is no clear correlation between the secondary aging effects (austenite reversion and change of impact toughness) and the cooling time.
- Aging heat treatments with a short aging time and long cooling times can be successfully used as an alternative to conventional aging heat treatments. Furthermore, no detrimental effect of long cooling times was found, when longer aging times were used. This knowledge can be useful for large work pieces, where air cooling can result in different cooling rates between the surface and the core of the work piece.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fe | Ni | Cr | Mo | Ti | Al | C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | bal. | 12.3 | 10.2 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.5 | <0.03 |
at.% | bal. | 11.6 | 10.8 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 3.1 | <0.14 |
Condition | -NiAl | -Ni3Ti | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central Element | dMax (nm) | NMin | Central Element | dMax (nm) | NMin | ||
0-7 | Ti | 0.95 | 75 | ||||
0-28 | Al | 0.75 | 130 | Ti | 0.95 | 400 | |
0-56 | Al | 0.80 | 150 | Ti | 0.96 | 450 | |
4-7 | Al | 0.78 | 150 | Ti | 0.93 | 800 | |
4-28 | Al | 0.80 | 150 | Ti | 0.98 | 800 | |
4-56 | Al | 0.75 | 130 | Ti | 0.98 | 800 | |
15-7 | Al | 0.70 | 80 | Ti | 0.94 | 700 | |
15-28 | Al | 0.71 | 80 | Ti | 0.94 | 800 | |
15-56 | Al | 0.70 | 140 | Ti | 0.94 | 800 |
Condition | HV | HV,0 | HV,Matrix | HV,SS | HV,P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0-7 | 565 | 17 | 75 | 176 | 296 |
0-28 | 583 | 17 | 76 | 139 | 351 |
0-56 | 592 | 17 | 77 | 143 | 355 |
4-7 | 577 | 17 | 78 | 123 | 359 |
4-28 | 587 | 17 | 78 | 136 | 356 |
4-56 | 592 | 17 | 76 | 119 | 380 |
15-7 | 579 | 17 | 81 | 125 | 356 |
15-28 | 583 | 17 | 78 | 114 | 374 |
15-56 | 585 | 17 | 77 | 124 | 367 |
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Zeisl, S.; Schnitzer, R. Cooling Rate Controlled Aging of a Co-Free Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti-Al Maraging Steel. Metals 2022, 12, 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040538
Zeisl S, Schnitzer R. Cooling Rate Controlled Aging of a Co-Free Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti-Al Maraging Steel. Metals. 2022; 12(4):538. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040538
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeisl, Stefan, and Ronald Schnitzer. 2022. "Cooling Rate Controlled Aging of a Co-Free Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti-Al Maraging Steel" Metals 12, no. 4: 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040538