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Article

The Tribo-Corrosion Behavior of Monel 400 Alloy in Marine Environment at Varied Rotational Velocities

by
Yuhua Zhu
1,2,
Jianzhang Wang
1,*,
Hao Liu
1 and
Fengyuan Yan
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2
Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091503
Submission received: 3 August 2022 / Revised: 2 September 2022 / Accepted: 8 September 2022 / Published: 11 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Degradation: Synergism between Corrosion and Wear)
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Abstract

:
Monel 400 alloy is widely employed in marine engineering equipment due to its excellent corrosion resistance, high strength and toughness. In this paper, the tribo-corrosion behavior of Monel 400 alloy in seawater under different rotational velocities was investigated by a pin-disk tribometer with an integrated electrochemical cell. The results revealed that the material loss rate and friction coefficient of the Monel 400 alloy, after tribo-corrosion and mechanical wear tests, increased with increasing rotational velocity. Under mechanical-wear conditions, the material loss rate increased with the sliding distance extension at higher velocities, and then more serious crack nucleation and propagation occurred at the subsurface. Under tribo-corrosion conditions, when the rotational velocities increased from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s, the thickness of the corrosion product’s layer was reduced from 50 nm to 30 nm; that is, the lubrication of the corrosion product became worse. As a result, the material-loss rate and friction coefficient increased significantly at the velocity of 0.5 m/s. Importantly, the antagonistic effect, rather than the synergistic effect, between corrosion and mechanical wear, has been verified for the tribo-corrosion of Monel 400 alloy in seawater, and the mechanism was analyzed.

1. Introduction

Recently, there has been an increasing demand for friction parts with high performance to serve in marine engineering [1,2,3]. Among various metallic materials, Ni-Cu alloys are more frequently used for marine applications due to their excellent corrosion resistance [4,5]. However, the characteristics of poor lubricity and strong corrosivity of seawater usually lead to serious tribo-corrosion problems.
For marine equipment, the working condition parameters of different friction pairs are different, including load, velocity and movement mode. Among them, velocity is one of the key parameters for the normal operation of friction components, which has a great influence on the tribological behavior of materials [6,7,8,9]. Over the past 30 years, much effort has been made regarding the influence of rotational velocity in corrosive environments [10,11,12,13]. Generally, the material loss of the alloy after the tribo-corrosion process is larger than the additive material loss of mechanical wear and corrosion acting independently [14,15]. The corrosion–wear interaction contributes a nonnegligible component to the total material loss [16,17]. Under such conditions, the impact mechanism of rotational velocity on the tribo-corrosion behavior of alloy is mainly divided into two aspects, including the repassivation rate for the damaged surface and subsurface deformation [18]. The wear rate of the Ni-17.5Si-29.3Cr alloy in H2SO4 solution increases with the rotational velocities increasing, due to crack initiation and propagation [19]. A similar growing trend is also determined in titanium alloy in a Ringer solution, where, at the highest rotational velocity, the material loss and synergistic factor are the highest [20].
Among Ni-Cu alloys, Monel 400 alloy is widely employed in marine engineering due to its excellent corrosion resistance, good strength and toughness. Our previous studies have explored the influence of applied load and potential on its tribo-corrosion behavior [21,22]. As a single-phased Ni-Cu alloy, Monel 400 alloy exhibits a unique interaction between wear and corrosion. An abnormal antagonistic effect of corrosion on mechanical wear is found, which is highly related to the lubricating performance of the nano-spherical corrosion product which is only generated in tribo-corrosion conditions. However, for the Monel 400 alloy, the influence mechanism of rotational velocity on tribo-corrosion behavior and the resultant change in microstructure under the dual action of corrosion and mechanical wear remain unclear.
In this study, the influence of rotational velocity on the tribo-corrosion behavior of Monel 400 alloy was studied. The quantitative calculation was used to evaluate the interaction of corrosion and mechanical wear of the Monel 400 alloy. Special attention was focused on the formation of the corrosion product’s layer at the surface and the microstructure evolution at the subsurface of the Monel 400 alloy.

2. Experiment

2.1. Materials

The chemical component (wt%) of Monel 400 alloy is placed in Table 1, which was purchased from Shaanxi Qingye Special Materials Co., Ltd. (Xi’an, China). The counterpart Al2O3 pin was provided by Dehe Special Porcelain Factory (Zhejiang, China). The corrosion medium is artificial seawater, prepared according to ASTM D1141-98. The pH value was adjusted to 8.2 using 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution. The chemical compositions are listed in Table 2.
Before wear tests, the specimens of Monel 400 alloy were machined into annular shapes with an external diameter of 54 mm, internal diameter of 38 mm and height of 13 mm. The sliding surfaces of all specimens were polished by 800 mesh SiC sandpaper and ultrasonically washed with ethanol. After that, the other surfaces of the specimens were covered with insulating paint to avoid corrosion expect for the sliding surfaces. The size of Al2O3 counterpart was Φ 4.6 × 15 mm, and the working surface was in spherical form with a radius of 4.75 mm.

2.2. Tribo-Corrosion Measurement

To monitor the electrochemical signal of Monel 400 alloy during sliding in situ, a modified MMW-1 pin-on-disk wear device equipped with a PARTAT 3000A electrochemical workstation (Ametek, Bowen, PA, USA) was used. A three-electrode system was employed to collect electrochemical signal, using a Monel 400 ring as the working electrode, a Pt gauze as the counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode.
Both tribo-corrosion and mechanical wear tests were performed at 75 N for 60 min under rotational velocities ranging from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s. For tribo-corrosion tests, the open circuit potential was monitored before sliding for 20 min, during sliding for 60 min and after sliding for another 20 min. The mechanical wear test was conducted with an applied potential of −0.9 V to inhibit electrochemical corrosion, and the specimens were immersed in seawater before and after sliding for 20 min, respectively. The dynamic polarization tests were measured with a scan rate of 10 mV/s from −0.7 V to −1210.2 V under static corrosion and tribo-corrosion tests, respectively.

2.3. Characterization

A JEM−5600LV scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JSM-5601LV, Japan Electron Optics Laboratory, Akishima, Japan) was utilized to observe the morphology of the damaged surface and subsurface of the Monel 400 alloy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with an Al Kα X-ray source (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was employed to analyze the chemical composition of the corrosion product. The binding energy was calibrated by the C1s peak binding energy at 284.8 eV. To study the microstructure evolution underneath the damaged surface, a Helios G4 UX Focus Ion Beam (FIB) was used to take samples from the sliding surface, and a thin membrane was prepared, which was observed by a Tecnai G2S-Twin F20 transmission electron microscope (TEM) (FEI, Lexington, KY, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Microstructure of Monel 400 Alloy

The TEM morphology and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the pristine Monel 400 alloy are shown in Figure 1. From Figure 1a, the equiaxed grains (~50 nm) were observed. Figure 1b exhibits regular two-dimensional diffraction spots, which are consistent with the diffraction pattern of the single-phased Monel 400 alloy in the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure.

3.2. Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior

Figure 2a shows the open circuit potential curves of the Monel 400 alloy under different rotational velocities. Before sliding, the OCP was stable at −0.23 V because of the presence of the passive film. With the onset of sliding, the OCP of the Monel 400 alloy dropped to −0.43 V at 0.125 m/s and further decreased to −0.45 V, −0.47 V and −0.50 V at 0.25 m/s, 0.375 m/s and 0.5 m/s, respectively. This result indicated that the passive film was damaged by mechanical wear and that the damage degree increased with the rotational velocity increasing. As the sliding proceeds, the OCP became stable with the achievement of an equilibrium between passivation and repassivation. When sliding stopped, the OCP value moved in the positive direction and eventually reached the initial potential of the Monel 400 alloy, indicating totally repassivation at the wear track. Figure 2b shows the Tafel curves with and without sliding. Before sliding, the corrosion potential Ecorr of Monel 400 alloy was determined to be −0.37 V. When sliding against the Al2O3 ceramic, the corrosion potential Ecorr shifted to the negative direction. At 0.125 m/s, the corrosion potential was −0.45 V, which slowly decreased to −0.5 V as the rotational velocity increased to 0.5 m/s, indicating that the electrochemical corrosion of the Monel 400 alloy was promoted by mechanical wear.

3.3. Tribo-Corrosion Behavior

Figure 3 shows the total material loss rate and the friction coefficient under both tribo-corrosion- and mechanical-wear conditions at different rotational velocities. Generally, it was observed that the total material loss rate and friction coefficient under mechanical wear were larger than those under tribo-corrosion, which increased with the rotational velocity increasing under both conditions. Under tribo-corrosion conditions, the total material loss rate and friction coefficient of Monel 400 alloy were 31.8 mm/y and 0.32 at 0.125 m/s, respectively. As the rotational velocity increased to 0.5 m/s, the total material loss rate and friction coefficient of the Monel 400 alloy increased to 120.5 mm/y and 0.43, respectively. Similarly, under mechanical-wear conditions, when the rotational velocity increased from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s, the material loss rate increased from 88.8 mm/y to 314.8 mm/y, and the friction coefficient increased from 0.35 to 0.45.
To evaluate the interaction between the corrosion and mechanical wear of the Monel 400 alloy in artificial seawater, extensive calculations were performed according to ASTM G119-09. The corresponding results are shown in Figure 4. From Figure 4a, as the rotational velocity increased from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s, the total corrosion rate of the Monel 400 alloy during tribo-corrosion slightly increased from 0.35 mm/y to 0.44 mm/y, which indicates accelerated electrochemical corrosion because of mechanical wear. Figure 4b shows the influence of corrosion on mechanical wear under the tribo-corrosion condition. Both the total wear rate and pure mechanical wear rate increased with the rotational velocity increasing, being 31.4 mm/y and 88.3 mm/y at 0.125 m/s and increasing to 120.0 mm/y and 314.8 mm/y at 0.5 m/s, respectively. However, the pure mechanical wear rate was larger than the total wear rate, suggesting that electrochemical corrosion has an antagonistic effect on mechanical wear. Since the corrosion rate was far less than the wear rate, the total material loss rate was determined by the wear rate W0, and the interaction S between corrosion and mechanical wear was oriented by the degree of corrosion-inhibited wear ΔWc, as shown in Figure 4c. It proves that there exists a negative synergy between corrosion and mechanical wear for the Monel 400 alloy, under various velocities.

3.4. Damage Morphologies

Figure 5 shows the representative damaged surface of the Monel 400 alloy at different rotational velocities in seawater. It was noticed that the wear of Monel 400 alloy aggravated under both conditions, with the rotational velocity increasing. There were numerous parallel grooves together with flaky peelings on the damaged surface under tribo-corrosion- and mechanical-wear conditions, which was a typical characteristic of delamination wear and became more prominent at higher rotational velocities. Compared with the tribo-corrosion condition, the flaky peeling was more serious under mechanical wear at the same rotational velocity. For example, at 0.5 m/s, the dimensions of flaky peeling were 183 μm in length and 72 μm in width under tribo-corrosion conditions, which increased to 205 μm and 155 μm under independent mechanical wear, respectively. The damaged surface morphology observations partially explained why the total material loss rate was higher under the condition of mechanical wear, as shown in Figure 4c.
The cross-section morphologies of the Monel 400 alloy are presented in Figure 6. At 0.125 m/s, a few cracks were observed under tribo-corrosion conditions, while several voids were generated beneath the sliding surface under mechanical wear. With the rotational velocity increasing, cracks nucleated and propagated into the subsurface under the conditions of tribo-corrosion and mechanical wear. Compared with the tribo-corrosion conditions, the crack propagation was more serious under mechanical wear, presenting as a deeper damaged location and a larger area of the fractured region.

3.5. XPS Analysis of Corrosion Products

XPS analysis was conducted to reveal the chemical composition of corrosion products on the Monel 400 alloy under different conditions. Figure 7 presents the XPS spectrum of Ni 2p, Cu 2p and O 1s of the Monel 400 alloy at the original state and after the static corrosion and tribo-corrosion processes, respectively. The peak position, assignment and proportion are listed in Table 2. In the O1s spectrum, the peaks of O2−, OH− and O–C were located at 531.2 eV, 531.6 eV and 532.4 eV, respectively [23,24,25]. In the Ni 2p3/2 spectra, it was observed that the Ni species was the same under the three conditions. The peak of elemental Ni was detected at 852.3 eV, and the peaks located at 856.2 eV and 860.8 eV were indexed Ni(OH)2 and its accompanying peak, respectively [26,27,28]. However, compared with the original state and static corrosion, the amount of Ni decreased to 4.1%, but the amount of Ni(OH)2 increased to 61.1% after the tribo-corrosion tests. For the Cu 2p3/2 spectra, the binding energies of CuO and Cu(OH)2 were 933.0 eV and 935.0 eV, respectively. The peak located at 932.1 eV belonged to elemental Cu or Cu2O [29,30,31]. According to the O1s spectra and the peak proportion listed in Table 3, it was deduced that Ni was oxidized to Ni(OH)2 under both the static corrosion and tribo-corrosion conditions, while Cu(OH)2 was generated after the corrosion process, together with a larger amount of Cu2O.

4. Discussion

4.1. Effect of Rotational Velocity on Mechanical Wear

The influence of rotational velocity on the microstructure after mechanical wear was explored by observing the subsurface morphologies of the Monel 400 alloy, and the typical TEM morphologies are presented in Figure 8. The rotational velocity had a significant effect on the microstructure of the subsurface. As can be seen from Figure 8a, compared with the original grain size of the Monel 400 alloy (~100 nm), the grain size of the Monel 400 alloy was significantly smaller (~25 nm) at the rotational velocity of 0.125 m/s, indicating that grain refinement occurred in the subsurface of the Monel 400 alloy after undergoing plastic deformation. However, at the rotational velocity of 0.5 m/s, the subsurface of the Monel 400 alloy exhibited extremely elongated grains, and fine grains only existed near the damaged surface.
From the mechanical-wear perspective, the maximum contact stress was calculated as ~2.2 GPa based on the Hertz theory, as in spherical pin/ring contact, which is approximately 10 times larger than the yield stress of Monel 400 (typically 283 MPa). It means that the Monel 400 alloy would suffer severe plastic deformation under this condition. During the process of plastic deformation, part of the mechanical energy was stored in the metallic matrix, in the form of dislocation, with a medium value of the stacking fault energy of the Monel 400 alloy in the range of 80–128 mJ/m2, even under the lubricating effect of seawater [32,33]. Firstly, under the action of shear stress, grain reorientation results in grain elongation in the shear direction. At the same time, there are many dislocations around the elongated grain boundary, and the slipping of dislocations caused by severe plastic deformation led to the rupture of the elongated grain. Next, the elongated grains were refined to form nanocrystalline [34,35]. At a higher rotational velocity, the wear is mainly controlled by plastic deformation peeling and fatigue fracture, which rapidly consumes the nanocrystalline layer on the surface. Therefore, at rotational velocity of 0.5 m/s, only a few refined grains were observed on the subsurface of the Monel 400 alloy.
In addition, from the quantitative measurement of tribo-corrosion components at various velocities shown in Figure 4, it was revealed that the total material loss (T) was mainly determined by the additive of mechanical wear (W0) and corrosion-accelerated wear (ΔWc). The exact values of T, W0 and ΔWc increased as the increasing velocity, and, thus, the sliding distance increased. However, as shown in Figure 9, it was revealed that the increased value of T and W0, with the distance per cycle remaining constant, indicates that the microscopic accelerated wear loss at a higher velocity is mainly the result of the accumulation of the sliding distance, and elongated grains were observed at higher velocities.

4.2. Effect of Rotational Velocity on Corrosion

From the above results, it can be concluded that the corrosion of the Monel 400 alloy in artificial seawater inhibited the mechanical wear to different extents, which was mainly dependent on the excellent lubricating performance of the corrosion product’s layer. According to our previous study [22], nanoscale copper-rich particles were produced in situ on the worn surface of the Monel 400 alloy, which was attributed to the selective corrosion of nickel during the tribo-corrosion tests. The copper-rich grains were extruded under cyclic shear stress and gradually evolved into a discontinuous corrosion product’s layer. Owing to the excellent lubrication of the corrosion product’s layer, the shear stress during the friction process was greatly weakened, leading to lower material loss and a lower friction coefficient after the tribo-corrosion tests than after the mechanical wear tests.
The tribo-corrosion behavior of the Monel 400 alloy was influenced remarkably by the rotational velocity. The material loss rate and friction coefficient after both tribo-corrosion and mechanical wear tests increased, with the rotational velocities ranging from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s. Figure 10 depicts the TEM morphologies of the Monel 400 alloy after tribo-corrosion tests at 0.125 m/s and 0.5 m/s. The corrosion products’ layer on the worn surface was observed. Spot-scanning results revealed that the chemical composition of the corrosion product’s layer was mainly Cu, which was consistent with our previous research. However, the thickness of the corrosion product’s layer decreased from 50 nm to 30 nm as the velocity increased from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s. The evolution of the corrosion product’s thickness was clearly controlled by the process of passivation and repassivation competition [36]. Mischler et al. observed the same behavior after tribo-corrosion tests, when AISI 430 steel sliding against an alumina ball was held at a passive potential in H2SO4 [37]. This evolution can be explained by the truth that the corrosion product’s layer was continuously removed and exposed the matrix area where the corrosion took place at a higher rate when the rotational velocity increased [38], which is confirmed by Figure 4a. It can be observed that the degree of mechanical wear accelerated the increased corrosion (ΔCw) with the velocity increasing, indicating that, although the thickness of the corrosion product’s layer thinned with the rotational velocity increasing, it still allowed the Monel 400 alloy to completely repassivate, even at the maximum rotational velocity.

5. Conclusions

The influence of rotational velocities on the tribo-corrosion behavior of the Monel 400 alloy in artificial seawater was investigated. The components of mechanical wear, corrosion and wear-corrosion interaction were quantitatively determined. The results revealed that the tribo-corrosion behavior was highly dependent on the rotational velocity. The specific conclusions are listed as follows:
  • The total material loss and friction coefficient increased with the increasing velocity, presenting as delamination alongside the sliding direction at the surface and the crack nucleation and propagation at the subsurface.
  • Compared with mechanical wear, the damage induced by tribo-corrosion was much lower due to the formation of the corrosion product’s layer in a thickness of several tens of nanometers, exhibiting excellent lubricating performance.
  • After the mechanical wear tests, the increased material loss rate with the increasing velocity was mainly the result of the accumulation of the sliding distance.
  • Since the thickness of the corrosion product’s layer decreases from 50 nm to 30 nm as the velocity increases from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s, the material loss rate after the tribo-corrosion tests also increases with the velocities increasing, possibly due to the rebuilt balance between the passivation and slowed repassivation at higher velocities.

Author Contributions

Resources, J.W. and F.Y.; conceptualization, Y.Z. and J.W.; methodology, Y.Z.; validation, Y.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.Z.; supervision, J.W. and H.L.; writing—review and editing, J.W., H.L. and F.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFB3400400).

Data Availability Statement

The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time, as the data also form part of an ongoing study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. (a) Bright field TEM image and (b) selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of Monel 400 alloy.
Figure 1. (a) Bright field TEM image and (b) selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of Monel 400 alloy.
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Figure 2. (a) Open circuit potential (OCP) curves and (b) Tafel curves under different rotational velocities in seawater.
Figure 2. (a) Open circuit potential (OCP) curves and (b) Tafel curves under different rotational velocities in seawater.
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Figure 3. (a) Total material loss rate and (b) friction coefficient of Monel 400 alloy in seawater under both tribo-corrosion- and mechanical-wear conditions, with different rotational velocities ranging from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s.
Figure 3. (a) Total material loss rate and (b) friction coefficient of Monel 400 alloy in seawater under both tribo-corrosion- and mechanical-wear conditions, with different rotational velocities ranging from 0.125 m/s to 0.5 m/s.
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Figure 4. (a) The total corrosion rate (Cw), pure corrosion rate (C0) and the change in corrosion caused by mechanical wear (∆Cw); (b) total wear rate (Wc), mechanical wear rate (W0) and the change in wear rate caused by corrosion (∆Wc); and (c) the contribution of wear (W0), corrosion (C0) and mechanical wear-corrosion interaction (S) in total material loss rate (T), at different rotational velocities in seawater.
Figure 4. (a) The total corrosion rate (Cw), pure corrosion rate (C0) and the change in corrosion caused by mechanical wear (∆Cw); (b) total wear rate (Wc), mechanical wear rate (W0) and the change in wear rate caused by corrosion (∆Wc); and (c) the contribution of wear (W0), corrosion (C0) and mechanical wear-corrosion interaction (S) in total material loss rate (T), at different rotational velocities in seawater.
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Figure 5. Damaged surface of Monel 400 alloy in conditions of (a) tribo-corrosion and (b) mechanical wear under different rotational velocities of 0.125 m/s, 0.25 m/s, 0.375 m/s and 0.5 m/s in seawater.
Figure 5. Damaged surface of Monel 400 alloy in conditions of (a) tribo-corrosion and (b) mechanical wear under different rotational velocities of 0.125 m/s, 0.25 m/s, 0.375 m/s and 0.5 m/s in seawater.
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Figure 6. The cross-section morphologies of Monel 400 alloy in conditions of (a) tribo-corrosion and (b) mechanical wear under different rotational velocities of 0.125 m/s, 0.25 m/s, 0.375 m/s and 0.5 m/s in seawater.
Figure 6. The cross-section morphologies of Monel 400 alloy in conditions of (a) tribo-corrosion and (b) mechanical wear under different rotational velocities of 0.125 m/s, 0.25 m/s, 0.375 m/s and 0.5 m/s in seawater.
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Figure 7. The XPS spectra of Ni 2p, Cu 2p and O 1s detected for corrosion products formed under the (a) original state, (b) static corrosion and (c) tribo-corrosion conditions.
Figure 7. The XPS spectra of Ni 2p, Cu 2p and O 1s detected for corrosion products formed under the (a) original state, (b) static corrosion and (c) tribo-corrosion conditions.
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Figure 8. TEM morphologies of Monel 400 alloy after mechanical wear tests at (a) 0.125 m/s and (b) 0.5 m/s.
Figure 8. TEM morphologies of Monel 400 alloy after mechanical wear tests at (a) 0.125 m/s and (b) 0.5 m/s.
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Figure 9. The material loss rate per cycle after tribo-corrosion and mechanical wear at various rotational velocities.
Figure 9. The material loss rate per cycle after tribo-corrosion and mechanical wear at various rotational velocities.
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Figure 10. TEM images of the Monel 400 alloy and the chemical composition of corrosion product’s layer after tribo-corrosion tests at (a) 0.125 m/s and (b) 0.5 m/s.
Figure 10. TEM images of the Monel 400 alloy and the chemical composition of corrosion product’s layer after tribo-corrosion tests at (a) 0.125 m/s and (b) 0.5 m/s.
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Table
Table 1. Chemical components of the Monel 400 alloy.
Table 1. Chemical components of the Monel 400 alloy.
ElementCuFeMnSiCSPNi
Content (wt.%)29.651.851.090.220.080.0030.003Bal.
Table
Table 2. The chemical compositions of seawater.
Table 2. The chemical compositions of seawater.
ComponentsConcentration (g/L)
NaCl24.53
MgCl25.20
Na2SO44.09
CaCl21.16
KCl0.695
NaHCO30.201
KBr0.101
SrCl20.025
H3BO30.027
NaF0.003
Table
Table 3. The assignment, binding energy and proportion of characteristic peaks from XPS analysis.
Table 3. The assignment, binding energy and proportion of characteristic peaks from XPS analysis.
Samples Ni 2p3/2/Binding
Energy/Amount		Cu 2p3/2/Binding
Energy/Amount		O 1s/Binding
Energy/Amount
Original StateNi metal
Ni(OH)2		 852.315.5%Cu/Cu2O932.112.9%O2−//
Main856.243.8%CuO933.087.1%OH−531.636.9%
Sat.860.840.7%Cu(OH)2//O-C532.463.1%
Static CorrosionNi metal
Ni(OH)2		 852.35.2%Cu/Cu2O932.145.5%O2−531.217.1%
Main856.254.2%CuO933.023.7%OH−531.625.8%
Sat.860.840.6%Cu(OH)2935.030.8%O-C532.457.1%
Tribo-CorrosionNi metal 852.34.1%Cu/Cu2O932.141.7%O2−531.246.1%
Ni(OH)2Main856.261.1%CuO933.038.7%OH−531.618.2%
Sat.860.834.8%Cu(OH)2935.019.6%O–C532.435.7%
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Zhu, Y.; Wang, J.; Liu, H.; Yan, F. The Tribo-Corrosion Behavior of Monel 400 Alloy in Marine Environment at Varied Rotational Velocities. Metals 2022, 12, 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091503

AMA Style

Zhu Y, Wang J, Liu H, Yan F. The Tribo-Corrosion Behavior of Monel 400 Alloy in Marine Environment at Varied Rotational Velocities. Metals. 2022; 12(9):1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091503

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Yuhua, Jianzhang Wang, Hao Liu, and Fengyuan Yan. 2022. "The Tribo-Corrosion Behavior of Monel 400 Alloy in Marine Environment at Varied Rotational Velocities" Metals 12, no. 9: 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091503

APA Style

Zhu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, H., & Yan, F. (2022). The Tribo-Corrosion Behavior of Monel 400 Alloy in Marine Environment at Varied Rotational Velocities. Metals, 12(9), 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091503

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