Dislocation Density of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Ti–6Al–4V Alloys Determined via Time-Of-Flight Neutron Diffraction Line-Profile Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Electron Microscopy
2.3. Neutron Diffraction Measurements
2.4. Line-Profile Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Microstructures
3.2. Neutron Diffraction Patterns
3.3. Dislocation Density
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The as-built specimen exhibited a fine acicular α + β microstructure, attributable to the β → α′ martensitic transformation and subsequent decomposition of the α′ martensite during the EB-PBF process.
- (2)
- The TOF-ND/CMWP approach that was utilized successfully determined the bulk-averaged dislocation density for the α-matrix, revealing a non-negligible contribution of dislocation hardening in the as-built specimen.
- (3)
- The obtained dislocation density values were comparable to those obtained using conventional and synchrotron XRD measurements, suggesting that CMWP fitting for the same ND data provided a reliable dislocation density.
- (4)
- The insignificant difference in dislocation density between XRD and ND suggested that the dislocations that evolved during EB-PBF were homogeneously distributed throughout the as-built specimen.
- (5)
- The negative and positive neutron scattering lengths of Ti and Al, respectively, lowered the diffraction intensity of the Ti–6Al–4V alloys, potentially reducing the accuracy of the analysis. The limitation of ND, as opposed to synchrotron XRD, is the difficulty in dislocation analysis of nanoscale β-phase precipitates.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Powder size (μm) | 45–100 |
Power (W) | 240–1260 |
Scan speed (mm s−1) | ~500 |
Layer thickness (μm) | 50 |
Line offset (mm) | 0.1 |
Focus offset (mA) | 3 |
Dwell time (s) | 20 |
Preheating temperature (°C) | 730 |
Ti | Al | V | Fe | O | N | H | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As-built | Bal. | 6.17 | 4.01 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.014 | 0.003 |
ASTM Grade 5 | Bal. | 5.50–6.75 | 3.50–4.50 | ≤0.30 | ≤0.20 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.015 |
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Yamanaka, K.; Mori, M.; Onuki, Y.; Sato, S.; Chiba, A. Dislocation Density of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Ti–6Al–4V Alloys Determined via Time-Of-Flight Neutron Diffraction Line-Profile Analysis. Metals 2023, 13, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010086
Yamanaka K, Mori M, Onuki Y, Sato S, Chiba A. Dislocation Density of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Ti–6Al–4V Alloys Determined via Time-Of-Flight Neutron Diffraction Line-Profile Analysis. Metals. 2023; 13(1):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010086
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamanaka, Kenta, Manami Mori, Yusuke Onuki, Shigeo Sato, and Akihiko Chiba. 2023. "Dislocation Density of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Ti–6Al–4V Alloys Determined via Time-Of-Flight Neutron Diffraction Line-Profile Analysis" Metals 13, no. 1: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010086