Investigation of the Lubrication Performance of γ-Al2O3/ZnO Hybrid Nanofluids for Titanium Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment
2.1. Experimental Setup and Materials
2.2. Nanofluids Preparation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Lubricating Properties of the Nanofluids
3.2. Microtopography of the Worn Titanium Discs under Various Lubrication Conditions
3.3. Lubrication Mechanisms of Al2O3/ZnO Hybrid Nanofluids
4. Conclusions
- Pure Al2O3 nanoparticle nanofluid exhibits a lower friction coefficient and wear volume, indicating better lubrication performance than pure ZnO. It can be attributed to the unique lamellar structure and high porosity of Al2O3 nanoparticles.
- The Al2O3/ZnO hybrid nanofluid outperforms pure nanofluid lubrication for titanium alloys. Hybrid nanofluids with different ratios consistently achieve lower friction coefficients and better surface quality. The coating of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles improves the dispersion stability of ZnO nanoparticles, thus enhancing their lubrication performance.
- The five hybrid nanofluids with different Al2O3/ZnO ratios exhibit different lubrication effects. The hybrid nanofluid with a mass ratio of Al2O3 to ZnO of 2:1 demonstrates the best lubrication performance with a reduced friction coefficient of up to 22.1% compared to the base solution, resulting in improved surface quality. The mix(2:1) hybrid nanofluid can be used for the cutting fluid of titanium alloys.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | C | H | Fe | O | Al | V | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5.5–6.75 | 3.5–4.5 | Remaining |
Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Hardness (VHN) | Young’s Modulus (GPa at 20 °C) | Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
1230 | 1060 | 315 | 113.8 | 0.34 |
Property | γ-Al2O3 | ZnO |
---|---|---|
Purity | 99% | 99% |
Average particle size (nm) | 20 | 50 |
Specific surface area (m2/g) | 120 | 21.5 |
Crystal structure | cubic | cubic |
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) | 25 | 47 |
Time/Min | Pure Al2O3 | Mix(4:1) | Mix(2:1) | Mix(1:1) | Mix(1:2) | Mix(1:4) | Pure ZnO | 10 wt% CSS Solution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.228 | 0.237 | 0.215 | 0.192 | 0.201 | 0.226 | 0.186 | 0.247 |
2 | 0.192 | 0.222 | 0.202 | 0.186 | 0.196 | 0.220 | 0.167 | 0.227 |
3 | 0.162 | 0.209 | 0.191 | 0.182 | 0.188 | 0.208 | 0.180 | 0.200 |
4 | 0.189 | 0.202 | 0.180 | 0.169 | 0.178 | 0.194 | 0.180 | 0.192 |
5 | 0.171 | 0.184 | 0.179 | 0.167 | 0.171 | 0.184 | 0.189 | 0.194 |
6 | 0.189 | 0.174 | 0.171 | 0.164 | 0.163 | 0.174 | 0.179 | 0.187 |
7 | 0.166 | 0.164 | 0.166 | 0.163 | 0.160 | 0.167 | 0.183 | 0.185 |
8 | 0.162 | 0.161 | 0.158 | 0.161 | 0.160 | 0.160 | 0.174 | 0.183 |
9 | 0.168 | 0.154 | 0.148 | 0.157 | 0.155 | 0.160 | 0.159 | 0.182 |
10 | 0.154 | 0.154 | 0.144 | 0.153 | 0.144 | 0.159 | 0.157 | 0.185 |
Average | 0.178 | 0.186 | 0.175 | 0.169 | 0.172 | 0.185 | 0.175 | 0.198 |
Average in steady | 0.162 | 0.158 | 0.154 | 0.158 | 0.155 | 0.162 | 0.168 | 0.184 |
Lubricant | Pure Al2O3 | Mix(4:1) | Mix(2:1) | Mix(1:1) | Mix(1:2) | Mix(1:4) | Pure ZnO | CSS Solution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface roughness (Ra/µm) | 1.024 | 0.832 | 0.867 | 1.125 | 1.409 | 1.424 | 1.204 | 1.359 |
Element(wt.%) | C | Al | Si | Ti | O | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mix(1:0) | 3.5 | 6.0 | 0.3 | 89.9 | 0 | 0 |
mix(4:1) | 4.0 | 6.0 | 0.2 | 89.4 | 0 | 0 |
mix(2:1) | 3.0 | 6.2 | 0.2 | 90.6 | 0 | 0 |
mix(1:1) (Figure 7e1) | 2.9 | 6.2 | 0.2 | 90.3 | 0 | 0 |
mix(1:1) (Figure 7e2) | 5.7 | 7.0 | 0.4 | 74.4 | 11.8 | 0.8 |
mix(1:2) (Figure 7f1) | 2.2 | 6.2 | 0.2 | 91.0 | 0 | 0 |
mix(1:2) (Figure 7f2) | 6.1 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 69.3 | 16.9 | 1.1 |
mix(1:4) (Figure 7g1) | 3.1 | 6.2 | 0.3 | 90.1 | 0 | 0 |
mix(1:4) (Figure 7g2) | 5.4 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 85.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
mix(0:1) | 2.3 | 5.9 | 0.3 | 91.1 | 0 | 0 |
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Yang, Y.; Luan, H.; Liu, F.; Si, L.; Yan, H.; Zhang, C. Investigation of the Lubrication Performance of γ-Al2O3/ZnO Hybrid Nanofluids for Titanium Alloy. Metals 2023, 13, 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101701
Yang Y, Luan H, Liu F, Si L, Yan H, Zhang C. Investigation of the Lubrication Performance of γ-Al2O3/ZnO Hybrid Nanofluids for Titanium Alloy. Metals. 2023; 13(10):1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101701
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Ye, Hao Luan, Fengbin Liu, Lina Si, Hongjuan Yan, and Chenhui Zhang. 2023. "Investigation of the Lubrication Performance of γ-Al2O3/ZnO Hybrid Nanofluids for Titanium Alloy" Metals 13, no. 10: 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101701