Archaeometallurgical Explorations of Bloomery Iron Smelting at Mutoti 2, an Early Iron Age Site in Venda, Northern South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background to Mutoti 2
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Mutoti 2 99/Ore 03 | Mutoti 2 98/Slag 013/01 | Mutoti 2 98/Slag 009/01 | Mutoti 2 98/Slag 009/03 | Mutoti 2 98/Slag 001/02 | Mutoti 2 98/Slag 001/03 | Mutoti 2 98/Tuyere 011/01 | Mutoti 2 98/Tuyere 011/03 | Mutoti 2 98/Tuyere 011/05 | Mutoti 2 98/Tuyere 011/07 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 0.10 | 17.51 | 22.20 | 13.51 | 17.59 | 16.89 | 63.91 | 61.80 | 63.52 | 63.22 |
TiO2 | 1.39 | 4.85 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 1.26 | 1.01 | 1.45 | 1.29 |
Al2O3 | 0.43 | 7.07 | 4.78 | 3.30 | 3.37 | 3.19 | 18.01 | 22.97 | 17.08 | 19.14 |
Fe2O3 | 99.26 | 69.99 | 73.07 | 84.72 | 78.35 | 77.08 | 9.22 | 7.76 | 10.47 | 9.47 |
MnO | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 1.16 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
MgO | 1.28 | 2.17 | 1.01 | 0.89 | 0.98 | 2.40 | 0.83 | 0.53 | 1.03 | 0.78 |
CaO | 0.00 | 0.70 | 1.36 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.97 | 0.96 | 0.40 | 1.49 | 1.15 |
Na2O | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.53 | 2.20 | 0.61 | 2.22 | 2.08 |
K2O | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.78 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 1.53 | 1.57 | 1.90 | 1.63 |
P2O5 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.03 |
SO3 | b. d | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | b. d | b. d | b. d | b. d |
Cr2O3 | b. d | 0.01 | b. d | 0.02 | b. d | b. d | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | b. d |
NiO | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
H2O− | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.84 | 0.06 | 0.37 |
LOI | −2.89 | −4.39 | −5.01 | −5.36 | −4.07 | −5.10 | 1.01 | 2.05 | 0.09 | 0.78 |
Total | 100.23 | 99.41 | 99.70 | 100.05 | 99.70 | 99.68 | 99.26 | 99.67 | 99.54 | 100.04 |
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Mathoho, E.N.; Nyamushosho, R.T.; Chirikure, S. Archaeometallurgical Explorations of Bloomery Iron Smelting at Mutoti 2, an Early Iron Age Site in Venda, Northern South Africa. Metals 2023, 13, 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020269
Mathoho EN, Nyamushosho RT, Chirikure S. Archaeometallurgical Explorations of Bloomery Iron Smelting at Mutoti 2, an Early Iron Age Site in Venda, Northern South Africa. Metals. 2023; 13(2):269. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020269
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathoho, Eric N., Robert T. Nyamushosho, and Shadreck Chirikure. 2023. "Archaeometallurgical Explorations of Bloomery Iron Smelting at Mutoti 2, an Early Iron Age Site in Venda, Northern South Africa" Metals 13, no. 2: 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020269