Numerical Simulation of Microstructure Evolution of Directionally Annealed Pure Iron by Cellular Automata
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of Model
2.1. Grain Boundary Velocity
2.2. Grain Boundary Curvature
2.3. CA Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Drawing Velocity
3.2. Effect of Initial Grain Size
3.3. Effect of Texture
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- A CA model for directional annealing was established, which involves various factors affecting the microstructure evolution, including the drawing velocity, initial grain size and orientation texture;
- (2)
- The drawing velocity of columnar grain formation has an upper limit and lower limit during directional annealing. When the drawing velocity is between the lower and upper limits, columnar grains are formed, and there exists a drawing velocity that produces columnar grains with the maximum grain length. Otherwise, only equiaxed grains can be obtained;
- (3)
- The grain length decreases as the initial grain size increases after directional annealing. A large initial grain size is not conducive to the formation of columnar grains. There is an upper limit of initial grain size for columnar grain formation. As the GB velocities of grains with a large initial grain size are low, the grain boundaries at the heat zone are difficult to move with the heat zone. The larger initial grain size causes in the lower GB velocities, which results in the GB cannot keep up with the moving heat zone;
- (4)
- The abnormal growth induced by orientation texture hinders the growth of columnar grains during directional annealing. A weak texture is more conducive to the columnar grain growth than a strong texture and columnar grains are primarily composed of grains deviating from the texture component.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Γm (J/m2) | D0 (m2/s) | b (m) | Qb (KJ/mol) | rγ |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.56 | 1.11 × 10−6 | 2.48 × 10−10 | 140 | 0.66 |
Relative Angle θ | Shape Factor A | Parameter S0 |
---|---|---|
0° | 3.58 | 0.51 |
15° | 2.94 | 0.52 |
30° | 2.97 | 0.48 |
45° | 3.40 | 0.50 |
On average | 3.22 | 0.50 |
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Zhou, R.; Feng, X.; Zheng, C.; Huang, Q.; Li, Y.; Yang, Y. Numerical Simulation of Microstructure Evolution of Directionally Annealed Pure Iron by Cellular Automata. Metals 2023, 13, 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020368
Zhou R, Feng X, Zheng C, Huang Q, Li Y, Yang Y. Numerical Simulation of Microstructure Evolution of Directionally Annealed Pure Iron by Cellular Automata. Metals. 2023; 13(2):368. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020368
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Rongyi, Xiaohui Feng, Ce Zheng, Qiuyan Huang, Yingju Li, and Yuansheng Yang. 2023. "Numerical Simulation of Microstructure Evolution of Directionally Annealed Pure Iron by Cellular Automata" Metals 13, no. 2: 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020368