A Tribological Investigation of the Titanium Oxide and Calcium Phosphate Coating Electrochemical Deposited on Titanium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Deposition
2.2. Confocal Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.3. Phase Composition
2.4. Wettability Test
2.5. Corrosion Test
2.6. Nanoindentation Test
2.7. Tribocorrosion Test
2.8. Mechanical Energy Dissipation Measurement
2.9. Volume Loss and Wear Rate of the Measurement of the Track
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Deposition
3.2. Confocal Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.3. Phase Composition
3.4. Wettability Test
3.5. Corrosion Test
3.6. Nanoindentation Test
3.7. Tribocorrosion Test
3.8. Mechanical Energy Dissipation Measurement
3.9. Volume Loss and Wear Rate of the Measurement of the Track
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Juechter, V.; Franke, M.; Merenda, T.; Stich, A.; Körner, C.; Singer, R. Additive manufacturing of Ti-45Al-4Nb-C by selective electron beam melting for automotive applications. Addit. Manuf. 2018, 22, 118–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, Z.-Q.; Zhang, Q.; Guo, X.-Y.; Zhao, W.-J.; Zhou, C.-S.; Liu, Y. New development of powder metallurgy in automotive industry. J. Cent. South Univ. 2020, 27, 1611–1623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, J.C.; Boyer, R.R. Opportunities and Issues in the Application of Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Components. Metals 2020, 10, 705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, H.; Tao, W.; Wang, H.; Song, Y.; Jian, X.; Yin, L.; Wang, X.; Scarpa, F. High-performance infrared emissivity of micro-arc oxidation coatings formed on titanium alloy for aerospace applications. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2017, 15, 579–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hatt, O.; Lomas, Z.; Thomas, M.; Jackson, M. The effect of titanium alloy chemistry on machining induced tool crater wear characteristics. Wear 2018, 408–409, 200–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, D.J.; Pourzal, R.; Lundberg, H.J.; Mathew, M.T.; Jacobs, J.J.; Urban, R.M. Mechanical, chemical and biological damage modes within head-neck tapers of CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V contemporary hip replacements. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. 2017, 106, 1672–1685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Wang, R.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Lv, D.; Diao, P.; Feng, S.; Gao, Y. Biomechanical Comparison of a New Memory Compression Alloy Plate versus Traditional Titanium Plate for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Finite Element Analysis. BioMed Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 5769293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicholson, J.W. Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants: A Review. Prosthesis 2020, 2, 100–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çaha, I.; Alves, A.; Affonço, L.; Lisboa-Filho, P.; da Silva, J.H.D.; Rocha, L.; Pinto, A.; Toptan, F. Corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of titanium nitride thin films grown on titanium under different deposition times. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2019, 374, 878–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, A.; Hang, R.; Bai, L.; Tang, B.; Chu, P.K. Electrochemical surface engineering of titanium-based alloys for biomedical application. Electrochim. Acta 2018, 271, 699–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çaha, I.; Alves, A.; Affonço, L.; da Silva, J.; Rodrigues, I.; Grandini, C.; Rocha, L.; Pinto, A.; Lisboa-Filho, P.; Toptan, F. Degradation behaviour of Ti-12Nb alloy coated with ZnO/TiN double layer. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2021, 413, 127104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trino, L.D.; Dias, L.F.; Albano, L.G.; Bronze-Uhle, E.S.; Rangel, E.C.; Graeff, C.F.; Lisboa-Filho, P.N. Zinc oxide surface functionalization and related effects on corrosion resistance of titanium implants. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, 4000–4008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fazel, M.; Salimijazi, H.R.; Shamanian, M. Improvement of Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Pure Titanium by Subzero Anodic Spark Oxidation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 15281–15287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, X.; Wu, Y.; Lv, Y.; Yu, Y.; Dong, Z. Formation mechanism, corrosion behaviour and biological property of hydroxyapatite/TiO2 coatings fabricated by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2020, 386, 125483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capellato, P.; Sachs, D.; Vilela, F.B.; Melo, M.M.; Silva, G.; Rodrigues, G.; Zavaglia, C.A.D.C.; Nakazato, R.Z.; Claro, A.P.R.A. Influence of Annealing Temperature on Corrosion Resistance of TiO2 Nanotubes Grown on Ti–30Ta Alloy. Metals 2020, 10, 1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fontes, A.C.C.A.; Sopchenski, L.; Laurindo, C.A.H.; Torres, R.D.; Popat, K.C.; Soares, P. Annealing Temperature Effect on Tribocorrosion and Biocompatibility Properties of TiO2 Nanotubes. J. Bio Tribo-Corros. 2020, 6, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishikawa, K.; Garskaite, E.; Kareiva, A. Sol–gel synthesis of calcium phosphate-based biomaterials—A review of environmentally benign, simple, and effective synthesis routes. J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol. 2020, 94, 551–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, J.; Yu, H.; Chen, C. Biological properties of calcium phosphate biomaterials for bone repair: A review. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 2015–2033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tohidi, P.M.S.; Safavi, M.S.; Etminanfar, M.; Khalil-Allafi, J. Pulsed electrodeposition of compact, corrosion resistant, and bioactive HAp coatings by application of optimized magnetic field. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2020, 254, 123511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Lv, Y.; Fu, S.; Wu, Y.; Lu, X.; Yang, L.; Liu, H.; Dong, Z. Synthesis, microstructure, anti-corrosion property and biological performances of Mn-incorporated Ca-P/TiO2 composite coating fabricated via micro-arc oxidation. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2020, 117, 111321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheykholeslami, S.O.R.; Khalil-Allafi, J.; Fathyunes, L. Preparation, Characterization, and Corrosion Behavior of Calcium Phosphate Coating Electrodeposited on the Modified Nanoporous Surface of NiTi Alloy for Biomedical Applications. Met. Mater. Trans. A 2018, 49, 5878–5887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa, A.; Sousa, L.; Alves, A.; Toptan, F. Tribocorrosion behaviour of bio-functionalized porous Ti surfaces obtained by two-step anodic treatment. Corros. Sci. 2020, 166, 108467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramalho, A.; Miranda, J.C. The relationship between wear and dissipated energy in sliding systems. Wear 2006, 260, 361–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huq, M.; Celis, J.-P. Expressing wear rate in sliding contacts based on dissipated energy. Wear 2002, 252, 375–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdo, J. Materials Sliding Wear Model Based on Energy Dissipation. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. 2014, 22, 298–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jahangiri, M.; Hashempour, M.; Razavizadeh, H.; Rezaie, H. Application and conceptual explanation of an energy-based approach for the modelling and prediction of sliding wear. Wear 2012, 274–275, 168–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jahangiri, M.; Hashempour, M.; Razavizadeh, H.; Rezaie, H. A new method to investigate the sliding wear behaviour of materials based on energy dissipation: W–25 wt% Cu composite. Wear 2012, 274–275, 175–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vieira, A.; Ribeiro, A.; Rocha, L.; Celis, J. Influence of pH and corrosion inhibitors on the tribocorrosion of titanium in artificial saliva. Wear 2006, 261, 994–1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zakir, O.; Idouhli, R.; Elyaagoubi, M.; Khadiri, M.; Aityoub, A.; Koumya, Y.; Rafqah, S.; Abouelfida, A.; Outzourhit, A. Fabrication of TiO2 Nanotube by Electrochemical Anodization: Toward Photocatalytic Application. J. Nanomater. 2020, 2020, 4745726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çomaklı, O.; Yazıcı, M.; Yetim, T.; Yetim, A.; Çelik, A. Effect of Ti amount on wear and corrosion properties of Ti-doped Al2O3 nanocomposite ceramic coated CP titanium implant material. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, 7421–7428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Su, K.; Bai, P.; Wu, L. Microstructure and property characterization of Ti/TiBCN reinforced Ti based composite coatings fabricated by laser cladding with different scanning speed. Mater. Charact. 2019, 159, 110023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, T.-T.; Ling, L.; Lin, M.-C.; Peng, H.-K.; Ren, H.-T.; Lou, C.-W.; Lin, J.-H. Recent advances in multifunctional hydroxyapatite coating by electrochemical deposition. J. Mater. Sci. 2020, 55, 6352–6374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, R.; Gebert, A.; Schumacher, M.; Hoffmann, V.; Voss, A.; Pilz, S.; Uhlemann, M.; Lode, A.; Gelinsky, M. Electrodeposition of Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite on low modulus beta-type Ti-45Nb and effect on in vitro Sr release and cell response. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2019, 108, 110425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vidal, E.; Buxadera-Palomero, J.; Pierre, C.; Manero, J.M.; Ginebra, M.-P.; Cazalbou, S.; Combes, C.; Rupérez, E.; Rodríguez, D. Single-step pulsed electrodeposition of calcium phosphate coatings on titanium for drug delivery. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2018, 358, 266–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gopi, D.; Indira, J.; Kavitha, L. A comparative study on the direct and pulsed current electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coatings on surgical grade stainless steel. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2012, 206, 2859–2869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mokabber, T.; Zhou, Q.; Vakis, A.; van Rijn, P.; Pei, Y. Mechanical and biological properties of electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2019, 100, 475–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, J.; Chatha, S.S.; Singh, H. Characterization and corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed calcium silicate reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings for medical implant applications. Ceram. Int. 2020, 47, 782–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fathyunes, L.; Khalil-Allafi, J.; Moosavifar, M. Development of graphene oxide/calcium phosphate coating by pulse electrodeposition on anodized titanium: Biocorrosion and mechanical behavior. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2018, 90, 575–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behera, R.; Das, A.; Pamu, D.; Pandey, L.; Sankar, M. Mechano-tribological properties and in vitro bioactivity of biphasic calcium phosphate coating on Ti-6Al-4V. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2018, 86, 143–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlović, M.R.P.; Eraković, S.G.; Pavlović, M.M.; Stevanović, J.S.; Panić, V.V.; Ignjatović, N.L. Anaphoretical/oxidative approach to the in-situ synthesis of adherent hydroxyapatite/titanium oxide composite coatings on titanium. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2018, 358, 688–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahmohammadi, P.; Khazaei, B.A. Characterization of Zn/Mg-enriched calcium phosphate coating produced by the two-step pulsed electrodeposition method on titanium substrate. Surf. Interfaces 2020, 22, 100819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.; Yu, W.-L.; Xiao, G.-Y.; Chen, C.-Z.; Lu, Y.-P. Comparative investigation of hydroxyapatite coatings formed on titanium via phosphate chemical conversion. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2021, 413, 127093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramachandran, R.; Nosonovsky, M. Coupling of surface energy with electric potential makes superhydrophobic surfaces corrosion-resistant. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 24988–24997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rosales-Leal, J.; Rodríguez-Valverde, M.; Mazzaglia, G.; Ramón-Torregrosa, P.; Díaz-Rodríguez, L.; García-Martínez, O.; Vallecillo-Capilla, M.; Ruiz, C.; Cabrerizo-Vílchez, M. Effect of roughness, wettability and morphology of engineered titanium surfaces on osteoblast-like cell adhesion. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2010, 365, 222–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katić, J.; Šarić, A.; Despotović, I.; Matijaković, N.; Petković, M.; Petrović, Ž. Bioactive Coating on Titanium Dental Implants for Improved Anticorrosion Protection: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. Coatings 2019, 9, 612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, S.; Pandey, K.K.; Islam, A.; Keshri, A.K. Corrosion behaviour of plasma sprayed graphene nanoplatelets reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings in simulated body fluid. Ceram. Int. 2020, 46, 13539–13548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Si, Y.; Liu, H.; Yu, H.; Jiang, X.; Sun, D. A heterogeneous TiO2/SrTiO3 coating on titanium alloy with excellent photocatalytic antibacterial, osteogenesis and tribocorrosion properties. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2021, 431, 128008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maleki-Ghaleh, H.; Khalil-Allafi, J. Effect of hydroxyapatite-titanium-MWCNTs composite coating fabricated by electrophoretic deposition on corrosion and cellular behavior of NiTi alloy. Mater. Corros. 2019, 70, 2128–2138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Messous, R.; Henriques, B.; Bousbaa, H.; Silva, F.S.; Teughels, W.; Souza, J.C.M. Cytotoxic effects of submicron- and nano-scale titanium debris released from dental implants: An integrative review. Clin. Oral Investig. 2021, 25, 1627–1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Z.; Shi, Q.; Wang, J.; Chen, X.; Hao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X. The unfavorable role of titanium particles released from dental implants. Nanotheranostics 2021, 5, 321–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramachandran, R.A.; Barão, V.A.R.; Matos, A.O.; Cordeiro, J.M.; Grandini, C.R.; Sukotjo, C.; Mathew, M.T. Suitability of Ti–Zr Alloy for Dental Implants: Tribocorrosion Investigation. J. Bio Tribo-Corros. 2021, 7, 152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sousa, L.; Basilio, L.; Alves, A.; Toptan, F. Tribocorrosion-resistant biofunctionalized Ti-Al2O3 composites. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2021, 420, 127329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blau, P.J. The significance and use of the friction coefficient. Tribol. Int. 2001, 34, 585–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sousa, L.; Mendes, A.R.; Pinto, A.M.P.; Toptan, F.; Alves, A.C. Influence of Calcium Acetate Concentration in Electrolyte on Tribocorrosion Behaviour of MAO Treated Titanium. Metals 2021, 11, 1985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Semetse, L.; Obadele, B.; Raganya, L.; Geringer, J.; Olubambi, P.A. Fretting corrosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V reinforced with zirconia in foetal bovine serum. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2019, 100, 103392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cai, F.; Zhou, Q.; Chen, J.; Zhang, S. Effect of inserting the Zr layers on the tribo-corrosion behavior of Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings on titanium alloys. Corros. Sci. 2023, 213, 111002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample | Roughness Ra (nm) |
---|---|
Ti | 274.95 ± 51.64 |
Ti/TiO2 | 436.61 ± 36.62 |
Ti/CaP | 398.27 ± 121.71 |
Ti/TiO2/CaP | 442.34 ± 40.86 |
Sample | OCP (V) | Ecorr (V) | Icorr (A/cm2) | Rp (kΩ·cm2) | CR (mm/Year) | PE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | −0.439 | −0.599 | 2.554 × 10−8 | 1.100 × 103 | 9.5 × 10−3 | - |
Ti/TiO2 | 0.250 | 0.044 | 1.457 × 10−8 | 8.351 × 102 | 3.8 × 10−3 | 42.95 |
Ti/CaP | −0.110 | −0.207 | 4.632 × 10−8 | 6.075 × 102 | 15.3 × 10−3 | 0 * |
Ti/TiO2/CaP | 0.058 | 0.021 | 1.906 × 10−11 | 3.641 × 106 | 6.3 × 10−6 | 99.93 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Santos, A.; Teixeira, J.; Fonzar, C.; Rangel, E.; Cruz, N.; Lisboa-Filho, P.N. A Tribological Investigation of the Titanium Oxide and Calcium Phosphate Coating Electrochemical Deposited on Titanium. Metals 2023, 13, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020410
Santos A, Teixeira J, Fonzar C, Rangel E, Cruz N, Lisboa-Filho PN. A Tribological Investigation of the Titanium Oxide and Calcium Phosphate Coating Electrochemical Deposited on Titanium. Metals. 2023; 13(2):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020410
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos, Adriana, Jean Teixeira, Carlos Fonzar, Elidiane Rangel, Nilson Cruz, and Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho. 2023. "A Tribological Investigation of the Titanium Oxide and Calcium Phosphate Coating Electrochemical Deposited on Titanium" Metals 13, no. 2: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020410