Investigation on the Dynamic Behaviors of Aluminum Foam Sandwich Beams Subjected to Repeated Low-Velocity Impacts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experiment Setup
2.1. Specimen and Material Properties
- The melted aluminum was prepared and poured into a container.
- Rotating impellers were used to create fine gas bubbles in the melted aluminum and distribute them uniformly.
- The liquid metal was drained out, leaving behind a fairly dry liquid foam.
- A conveyor belt was used to skim off the liquid foam from the liquid surface, and then the foam was allowed to cool down to a semisolid state.
- The semisolid foam was flattened by means of top-mounted rolls to yield a foam slab with closed, well-distributed cores.
2.2. Equipment for the Experiment
3. Dynamic Behaviors of AFSBs subjected to Repeated Impacts
3.1. Deformation and Failure
3.1.1. Boundary Condition
3.1.2. Deformation and Failure Modes
3.2. Dynamic Responses of AFSBs
3.2.1. Impact Force
3.2.2. Rebound Velocity
3.2.3. Absorbed Energy
3.2.4. Impact Force vs. Displacement
3.2.5. Deflection vs. Impact Number
3.3. Analysis of Energy Absorption
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density (kg/m3) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Yield Stress (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
7800 | 201 | 0.3 | 182 |
Density (g/cm3) | Relative Density | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Plateau Stress (MPa) | Densification Strain |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 0.185 | 0.42 | 10 | 0.6 |
Case | Energy (J) | Mass (kg) | Velocity (m/s) | Core Thickness (mm) | Face Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BE1 | 7.746 | 7.884 | 1.40 | 10 | 1.0 |
BE2 | 17.750 | 7.884 | 2.12 | 10 | 1.0 |
BE3 | 27.800 | 7.884 | 2.66 | 10 | 1.0 |
BE4 | 37.800 | 7.884 | 3.10 | 10 | 1.0 |
Case BE1 | Case BE2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impact Number | Front Face | Back Face | Foam Core | Front Face | Back Face | Foam Core |
1 | 1.70 | 1.54 | 0.16 | 3.85 | 3.59 | 0.26 |
2 | 3.31 | 2.95 | 0.36 | 6.86 | 6.16 | 0.70 |
3 | 4.60 | 4.01 | 0.59 | 9.46 | 8.49 | 0.97 |
4 | 5.77 | 4.92 | 0.85 | 11.78 | 10.63 | 1.15 |
5 | 6.87 | 5.76 | 1.11 | 13.85 | 12.56 | 1.29 |
6 | 7.85 | 6.50 | 1.35 | 15.61 | 14.19 | 1.42 |
7 | 8.80 | 7.27 | 1.53 | 17.04 | 15.49 | 1.55 |
8 | 9.62 | 7.99 | 1.63 | 18.35 | 16.69 | 1.66 |
9 | 10.40 | 8.67 | 1.73 | 19.30 | 17.56 | 1.74 |
10 | 10.93 | 9.16 | 1.77 | 20.05 | 18.23 | 1.82 |
Case BE3 | Case BE4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impact Number | Front Face | Back Face | Foam Core | Front Face | Back Face | Foam Core |
1 | 5.45 | 5.03 | 0.42 | 7.95 | 6.85 | 1.10 |
2 | 10.15 | 8.90 | 1.25 | 13.90 | 12.39 | 1.51 |
3 | 14.16 | 12.38 | 1.78 | 17.84 | 16.12 | 1.72 |
4 | 17.09 | 15.07 | 2.02 | 20.90 | 19.09 | 1.81 |
5 | 19.15 | 17.03 | 2.12 | 23.15 | 21.25 | 1.90 |
6 | 20.95 | 18.76 | 2.19 | 25.63 | 23.65 | 1.98 |
7 | 22.36 | 20.14 | 2.22 | 28.15 | 26.04 | 2.11 |
8 | 23.98 | 21.73 | 2.25 | 31.46 | 29.12 | 2.34 |
9 | 25.40 | 23.13 | 2.27 | / | / | / |
10 | 26.83 | 24.53 | 2.30 | / | / | / |
Case BE1 | Case BE2 | Case BE3 | Case BE4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impact Number | Ee | Rc | Ee | Rc | Ee | Rc | Ee | Rc |
1 | 0.940 | 0.060 | 0.977 | 0.023 | 0.988 | 0.012 | 0.996 | 0.004 |
2 | 0.934 | 0.066 | 0.970 | 0.030 | 0.981 | 0.019 | 0.984 | 0.016 |
3 | 0.931 | 0.069 | 0.962 | 0.038 | 0.960 | 0.040 | 0.962 | 0.038 |
4 | 0.935 | 0.065 | 0.942 | 0.058 | 0.949 | 0.052 | 0.931 | 0.069 |
5 | 0.915 | 0.085 | 0.921 | 0.079 | 0.915 | 0.085 | 0.945 | 0.055 |
6 | 0.917 | 0.083 | 0.916 | 0.084 | 0.911 | 0.089 | 0.948 | 0.052 |
7 | 0.916 | 0.084 | 0.905 | 0.095 | 0.906 | 0.094 | 0.971 | 0.029 |
8 | 0.903 | 0.097 | 0.881 | 0.119 | 0.908 | 0.092 | 0.968 | 0.032 |
9 | 0.888 | 0.112 | 0.872 | 0.128 | 0.914 | 0.086 | / | / |
10 | 0.853 | 0.147 | 0.854 | 0.146 | 0.916 | 0.084 | / | / |
Impact Number | w0 (mm) | Eabsorbed (J) | Ub (J) | Ui (J) | ΔUi (J) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.42 | 27.518 | 27.086 | 0.432 | 0.432 |
2 | 1.25 | 27.308 | 25.735 | 1.573 | 1.141 |
3 | 1.78 | 26.689 | 24.048 | 2.641 | 1.068 |
4 | 2.02 | 26.311 | 23.095 | 3.217 | 0.576 |
5 | 2.12 | 25.347 | 21.873 | 3.474 | 0.257 |
6 | 2.19 | 25.194 | 21.534 | 3.660 | 0.186 |
7 | 2.22 | 25.057 | 21.316 | 3.741 | 0.081 |
8 | 2.25 | 25.101 | 21.278 | 3.823 | 0.082 |
9 | 2.27 | 25.256 | 21.378 | 3.878 | 0.055 |
10 | 2.30 | 25.289 | 21.327 | 3.962 | 0.084 |
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Guo, K.; Mu, M.; Zhou, S. Investigation on the Dynamic Behaviors of Aluminum Foam Sandwich Beams Subjected to Repeated Low-Velocity Impacts. Metals 2023, 13, 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061115
Guo K, Mu M, Zhou S. Investigation on the Dynamic Behaviors of Aluminum Foam Sandwich Beams Subjected to Repeated Low-Velocity Impacts. Metals. 2023; 13(6):1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061115
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Kailing, Mengying Mu, and Shuo Zhou. 2023. "Investigation on the Dynamic Behaviors of Aluminum Foam Sandwich Beams Subjected to Repeated Low-Velocity Impacts" Metals 13, no. 6: 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061115