The Correlation of Kissing Bond, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the 2195 Al-Li Alloy Friction Stir Welding Joints at Different Welding Speeds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Experimental Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Surface Morphology of the Joint
3.2. Microstructure Evolution
3.3. Microhardness Distribution
3.4. Tensile Properties and Fracture Morphology
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The flash defect was observed in all joints. The kissing bond was detected in all joints, except for the joint with a welding speed of 100 mm/min. With the increase in welding speeds, the length of the kissing bond increased and the morphology of the cross-section gradually converged to the shape of the FSW tools.
- (2)
- TMAZ, HAZ and BM showed different shapes and sizes of grains and many fine and equiaxed grains appeared in the NZ due to the dynamic recrystallization behavior. Increasing the welding speed reduced the average grain diameter and the ratio of HABs in the NZ.
- (3)
- Dislocation was observed with T1 precipitates disappearing in the NZ. The reduction in welding speed with higher peak temperatures enlarged the degree of T1 precipitate coarsening.
- (4)
- The maximum hardness was observed in the BM because of the T1 precipitates, while the minimum hardness occurred in the transition region between the TMAZ and the HAZ. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation values were inversely proportional to the welding speeds; especially, the welding speeds from 100 mm/min to 200 mm/min, the joint of ultimate tensile strength and the elongation values decreased by 5.5% and 57.3%, respectively, due to the appearance of the kissing bond.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Welding Speed (mm/min) | The Length of Kissing Bond (mm) |
---|---|
100 | 0 |
200 | 0.35 |
300 | 0.47 |
600 | 0.72 |
Different Regions | Welding Speed (mm/min) | Density (m−2) | Average Length (nm) | Average Thickness (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
BM | - | 8.4 × 1016 | 77 | 3.1 |
HAZ | 100 | 0.6 × 1016 | 192 | 3.8 |
HAZ | 600 | 1.2 × 1016 | 90 | 3.6 |
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Chen, J.; Liao, H.; Chen, R.; Tian, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, S.; Song, S. The Correlation of Kissing Bond, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the 2195 Al-Li Alloy Friction Stir Welding Joints at Different Welding Speeds. Metals 2023, 13, 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081326
Chen J, Liao H, Chen R, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Liu S, Song S. The Correlation of Kissing Bond, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the 2195 Al-Li Alloy Friction Stir Welding Joints at Different Welding Speeds. Metals. 2023; 13(8):1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081326
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Jiaxin, Hongfei Liao, Rong Chen, Ye Tian, Zhiqing Zhang, Shifeng Liu, and Shoubo Song. 2023. "The Correlation of Kissing Bond, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the 2195 Al-Li Alloy Friction Stir Welding Joints at Different Welding Speeds" Metals 13, no. 8: 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081326