Statistical Analysis of Tribological Properties of Mg(AM50)/GNF-Al2O3sf Hybrid Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Fabrication of Mg/GNFs/Al2O3sf Hybrid Composites
2.2. Wear Test of Mg Hybrid Composites
3. Results
3.1. SEM Analysis of Hybrid Preform
3.2. SEM Analysis of Mg Hybrid Composites
3.3. Micro-Hardness
3.4. Tribological Propertiesof Mg/GNFs/Al2O3sf Composites
3.4.1. Influence of Wear Test Parameters on Wear Loss
3.4.2. Influence of Wear Test Parameters on Coefficient of Friction
3.4.3. Wear Worn Surface Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Magnesium (AM50)-based hybrid composites reinforced with GNFs and Al2O3sf were fabricated by using the squeeze casting method. SEM observations indicated that the GNFs and Al2O3sf are well dispersed in the developed hybrid preform. In the Mg matrix, the distribution of GNF clusters within the array of Al2O3sf network is found to be relatively good.
- The wear properties of Mg/GNF/Al2O3sf hybrid composites were studied using the Taguchi design of experiment. The ANOVA was used to evaluate the contribution of wear test parameters on the wear loss and COF of hybrid composites.
- The optimum wear test parameter was determined using the S/N ratio, with the smaller the better criteria as a lower value of wear loss and COF of the composites. The ANOVA results show that the wear loss and COF of the Mg hybrid composites were lower at 20 vol.% and 15 vol.%, respectively. This has been attributed to the better load bearing of the Mg matrix to the Al2O3sf, and the lubrication effect of the GNF cluster.
- The sliding distance has been observed to affect the wear loss of the composites predominantly, along with a reasonably significant contribution from the applied load. It has been found that the applied load is the prominent parameter affecting the COF of composites. Moreover, it would appear that a critical amount of GNF clusters may be beneficial for the wear properties of Mg hybrid composites.
- The results show that the hybridization effect of GNFs and Al2O3sf reinforcements, and the formation of Mg17Al12 and Al2MgC2 precipitates, improved the tribological properties of the Mg hybrid composites.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Density (g/cm3) | Melting Point (°C) | Mean Diameter (µm) | Mean Length (µm) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3sf | 3.3 | 2000 | 3 | 120 | 2000 | 300 |
GNF | 0.2 | 2800 | 0.05 | 10 | 3500 | 550 |
AM50 | Mass (%) |
---|---|
Al | 5.1 |
Cu | 0.0007 |
Fe | 0.004 |
Mn | 0.57 |
Ni | 0.0006 |
Si | 0.013 |
Zn | 0.15 |
Mg | 94.2 |
Testing Factors | Factor | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Volume fraction of fibers (%) | VF | 10 | 15 | 20 |
Applied load (N) | AL | 100 | 300 | 500 |
Sliding speed (rpm) | SP | 200 | 350 | 500 |
Sliding distance (m) | SD | 1000 | 2000 | 3000 |
Exp. No. | Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Vol.% | Load (N) | Sliding Speed (rpm) | Sliding Distance (m) | |
1 | 10 | 200 | 300 | 1000 |
2 | 10 | 350 | 400 | 2000 |
3 | 10 | 500 | 500 | 3000 |
4 | 15 | 200 | 400 | 3000 |
5 | 15 | 350 | 500 | 1000 |
6 | 15 | 500 | 300 | 2000 |
7 | 20 | 200 | 500 | 2000 |
8 | 20 | 350 | 400 | 3000 |
9 | 20 | 500 | 300 | 1000 |
Exp. No. | Wear Loss (mm3) | Coefficient of Friction (Avg) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0.0600 | 0.6900 |
2 | 0.0800 | 0.6600 |
3 | 0.0900 | 0.6500 |
4 | 0.0700 | 0.6800 |
5 | 0.0600 | 0.6500 |
6 | 0.0800 | 0.6200 |
7 | 0.0600 | 0.6800 |
8 | 0.0800 | 0.7000 |
9 | 0.0600 | 0.6600 |
Factor | DF | S | V | F | S’ | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VF | 2 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 7.0 | 0.0001 | 12.24 |
AL | 2 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | 13.0 | 0.0003 | 24.49 |
SP | 2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | Pooled | Pooled | |
SD | 2 | 0.0006 | 0.0003 | 28.0 | 0.0006 | 55.10 |
Error | 2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 8.16 | |
10 | 0.0011 | 0.0001 | 100 |
Factor | DF | S | V | F | S’ | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VF | 2 | 0.0014 | 0.0007 | 8.7143 | 0.0012 | 24.88 |
AL | 2 | 0.0025 | 0.0012 | 16.000 | 0.0023 | 48.39 |
SP | 2 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | pooled | pooled | |
SD | 2 | 0.0008 | 0.0004 | 5.2857 | 0.0007 | 13.82 |
Error | 2 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0006 | 12.90 | |
10 | 0.0048 | 0.0006 | 100 |
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Lee, M.-S.; Kang, C.-G.; Babu, J.S.S. Statistical Analysis of Tribological Properties of Mg(AM50)/GNF-Al2O3sf Hybrid Composites. Metals 2023, 13, 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081418
Lee M-S, Kang C-G, Babu JSS. Statistical Analysis of Tribological Properties of Mg(AM50)/GNF-Al2O3sf Hybrid Composites. Metals. 2023; 13(8):1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081418
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Min-Sik, Chung-Gil Kang, and J. S. S. Babu. 2023. "Statistical Analysis of Tribological Properties of Mg(AM50)/GNF-Al2O3sf Hybrid Composites" Metals 13, no. 8: 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081418