Selective Laser Melting of Al-Cu-Mn-Mg Alloys: Processing and Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Orthogonal Experiment Results and Analysis
3.2. Effect of SLM Processing Parameters on Densification and Defects
3.3. Microstructure Analysis
3.4. Mechanical Performance
4. Conclusions and Future Work
- (1)
- The laser power and scanning speed were the main factors affecting the densification and hardness. The specimen No. 8 (300 W, 1100 mm/s, 0.09 mm) possessed the highest densification of 99.88% and the greatest hardness of 99.66 HV. The fabricating process window was 300–350 W for laser power, 1000–1100 mm/s for scanning speed, and 0.12–0.15 mm for hatch spacing.
- (2)
- The main defect patterns in the specimens were pores and fractures. The laser power was the most critical parameter for the defect patterns in specimens.
- (3)
- The side-section microstructure of the SLMed specimen presented a typical stacking distribution of molten pools with fine equiaxial grains at the edge of the molten pool and columnar grains in the inner part of the molten pool. The rod-shaped and granular Al2Cu precipitates were found in the SLMed alloy.
- (4)
- The SLMed Al-Cu-Mg-Mn alloy showed excellent and isotropy mechanical properties, with a hardness of around 100 HV. The tensile and yield strength of the alloy were 361 MPa and 266 MPa, and the elongation was 5.4%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Cu | Mn | Mg | Zr | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mass fraction/% | 1.05 | 3.18 | 0.96 | 0.81 | Bal. |
Factor | Laser Power A (W) | Scanning Speed B (mm/s) | Hatch Spacing C (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | 250 | 800 | 0.09 |
Level 2 | 300 | 900 | 0.12 |
Level 3 | 350 | 1000 | 0.15 |
Level 4 | 400 | 1100 | 0.18 |
Sample No. | Laser Power A (W) | Scanning Speed B (mm/s) | Hatch Spacing C (mm) | Densification (%) | Hardness (HV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 250 | 800 | 0.09 | 99.44 | 93.10 |
2 | 250 | 900 | 0.12 | 97.70 | 86.12 |
3 | 250 | 1000 | 0.15 | 99.38 | 84.80 |
4 | 250 | 1100 | 0.18 | 99.26 | 79.44 |
5 | 300 | 800 | 0.12 | 99.59 | 94.96 |
6 | 300 | 900 | 0.15 | 99.85 | 95.58 |
7 | 300 | 1000 | 0.18 | 99.85 | 97.84 |
8 | 300 | 1100 | 0.09 | 99.88 | 99.66 |
9 | 350 | 800 | 0.15 | 98.91 | 93.06 |
10 | 350 | 900 | 0.18 | 98.87 | 91.12 |
11 | 350 | 1000 | 0.09 | 98.36 | 86.26 |
12 | 350 | 1100 | 0.12 | 99.45 | 89.74 |
13 | 400 | 800 | 0.18 | 94.22 | 88.24 |
14 | 400 | 900 | 0.09 | 95.01 | 80.48 |
15 | 400 | 1000 | 0.12 | 98.37 | 90.72 |
16 | 400 | 1100 | 0.15 | 99.64 | 90.40 |
No. | Laser Power A (W) | Scanning Speed B (mm/s) | Hatch Spacing C (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
K1 | 395.78 | 392.16 | 392.69 |
K2 | 399.17 | 391.44 | 395.11 |
K3 | 395.59 | 395.96 | 397.79 |
K4 | 387.24 | 398.23 | 392.20 |
k1 | 98.95 | 98.04 | 98.17 |
k2 | 99.79 | 97.86 | 98.78 |
k3 | 98.90 | 98.99 | 99.45 |
k4 | 96.81 | 99.56 | 98.05 |
Range | 2.98 | 1.70 | 1.40 |
No. | Laser Power A (W) | Scanning Speed B (mm/s) | Hatch Spacing C (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
K1 | 343.46 | 369.36 | 359.50 |
K2 | 388.04 | 353.30 | 361.54 |
K3 | 360.18 | 359.62 | 363.84 |
K4 | 349.84 | 359.24 | 356.64 |
k1 | 85.87 | 92.34 | 89.88 |
k2 | 97.01 | 88.33 | 90.39 |
k3 | 90.05 | 89.91 | 90.96 |
k4 | 87.46 | 89.81 | 89.16 |
Range | 11.15 | 4.02 | 1.80 |
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Zhang, S.; Zhang, S.; Li, F.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Liu, B. Selective Laser Melting of Al-Cu-Mn-Mg Alloys: Processing and Mechanical Properties. Metals 2023, 13, 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091520
Zhang S, Zhang S, Li F, Li Z, Wang Y, Liu B. Selective Laser Melting of Al-Cu-Mn-Mg Alloys: Processing and Mechanical Properties. Metals. 2023; 13(9):1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091520
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shenghua, Senming Zhang, Fudong Li, Zhonghua Li, Yu Wang, and Bin Liu. 2023. "Selective Laser Melting of Al-Cu-Mn-Mg Alloys: Processing and Mechanical Properties" Metals 13, no. 9: 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091520