Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of the Shuimo River in Urumqi, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection and Preservation
3.2. Analytical Methods
3.3. Data Processing
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Surface Sediment pH Characteristics
4.2. Heavy Metal Content and Spatial Distribution of Surface Sediments
4.3. Major Heavy Metal Contaminants in Surface Sediments
4.3.1. Correlation of Major Heavy Metal Pollutants
4.3.2. Determination of Major Pollutants
4.4. Cluster Analysis of Total Surface Sediment Heavy Metals
5. Discussion
5.1. Analysis of the Pollution Status and Sources of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments
5.2. Suggestions for the Control and Management of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Surface Sediments
6. Conclusions
- The pH values of the surface sediments along the direction of the water flow showed a quadratic curve trend, first decreasing and then increasing;
- The kriging results showed that the spatial distribution of all heavy metals, except Fe, was consistent with the peaks occurring from Qidaowan to Weihuliang;
- The correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between Fe and Pb; Mn, Cr, and V; Cu and Zn; and Mn, Cr, and V (p < 0.05);
- The principal component analysis of nine heavy metal pollutants in 23 surface sediments showed that Fe, Zn, Cu, and As were the main heavy metal pollutants in the surface sediments of the Shuimo River. The ranking results of the total amount of each heavy metal were Fe > Mn > Zn > V > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > As;
- The R-type clustering results showed that the nine heavy metal pollutants were classified into four categories: the first category was Zn and Cu, the second category was Ni, the third category was As and Pb, and the fourth category was V, Cr, Mn, and Fe. The two heavy elements of the first group may be the result of chemical reactions between domestic sewage and long-term biodegradable acid and alkaline salt pollutants in municipal waste, organic pollutants, carbonate soils, and sediments as environmental backgrounds. Ni and As have different chemical combinations with other metals, indicating that the river bottom sediments may be affected by human activities in addition to the natural materials of the river and contaminants.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Mean Value (mg/kg) | Standard Deviation | Min. Value (mg/kg) | Maximum Value (mg/kg) | Coefficient of Variation (%) | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | 11.27 | 2.67 | 6.16 | 17.41 | 23.71 | 2.47 | 6.34 |
Pb | 18.60 | 7.04 | 7.89 | 43.01 | 37.87 | 2.08 | 4.61 |
Zn | 116.64 | 58.98 | 62.70 | 332.27 | 50.57 | 2.58 | 6.88 |
Cu | 41.53 | 12.90 | 25.44 | 80.57 | 31.06 | 2.47 | 6.41 |
Ni | 45.21 | 7.20 | 33.70 | 60.93 | 15.93 | 2.62 | 7.10 |
Fe | 18,760.97 | 4082.84 | 5670.47 | 25,729.74 | 21.76 | 2.70 | 7.43 |
Mn | 441.98 | 99.51 | 299.14 | 641.07 | 22.51 | 2.57 | 6.93 |
Cr | 54.03 | 17.22 | 21.15 | 91.72 | 31.88 | 2.58 | 6.88 |
V | 97.52 | 26.10 | 41.33 | 136.28 | 26.77 | 2.49 | 6.57 |
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Ma, H.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Chen, Y.; Lv, G. Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of the Shuimo River in Urumqi, China. Metals 2023, 13, 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091578
Ma H, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Chen Y, Lv G. Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of the Shuimo River in Urumqi, China. Metals. 2023; 13(9):1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091578
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Huiying, Yidan Zhang, Zhidong Liu, Yue Chen, and Guanghui Lv. 2023. "Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of the Shuimo River in Urumqi, China" Metals 13, no. 9: 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091578