On Dynamic Recrystallization during the Friction Stir Processing of Commercially Pure Ti and Its Influence on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Processing
2.2. Metallography
2.3. Mechanical Properties
2.4. Fractography
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Pure CP-Ti underwent FSP with the aid of an H13 tool with a WC pin, thus yielding a defect-free processed material.
- The material that underwent FSP proved to be mechanically superior to the parent material at RT.
- Optical microscopy revealed bright bands across the cross-section; the size and shape of these bands changed along the processed strip.
- The microhardness values measured at the bright regions were significantly higher than those of the rest of the material subjected to FSP.
- A SEM study showed that these regions were composed of fine equiaxed α grains having an average size of one to two microns, together with a retained β phase at the grain boundaries as well as separate β grains to a certain extent. These regions also served as fracture nucleation sites, as revealed by a fractography study.
- EDS analyses conducted on the bright regions revealed that their chemical composition was similar to the rest of the stir zone, namely pure Ti.
- The above regions are likely to be due to excessive DRX resulting from higher amounts of plastic deformation.
- Due to its markedly lower cost than Ti alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V, CP-Ti subjected to FSP has the potential to become an industrial means of improving the mechanical properties of the material to make it a partial replacement for expensive alloys.
- The material that underwent FSP showed improved mechanical properties at room temperature as expected, but the microstructure revealed in the deformation bands was not expected since it had not been reported before.
- Further research is still required in order to find suitable processing parameters that can yield an entire cross-section having the microstructure of the deformation bands. These parameters include the rotational speed, transverse speed, shape and material of the processing tool. The stability of this microstructure upon exposure to high temperatures and its creep properties should be investigated as well.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Average Yield Strength [MPa] | Yield Strength S.D. [MPa] | Ultimate Tensile Strength [MPa] | Ultimate Tensile Strength S.D. [MPa] | Elongation [%] | Elongation S.D. [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM | 325.4 | 27.4 | 504.6 | 10.8 | 37.6 | 4.8 |
Subjected to FSP | 481.8 | 41.3 | 616.8 | 41.8 | 11.8 | 4.4 |
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Regev, M.; Spigarelli, S. On Dynamic Recrystallization during the Friction Stir Processing of Commercially Pure Ti and Its Influence on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Metals 2024, 14, 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060644
Regev M, Spigarelli S. On Dynamic Recrystallization during the Friction Stir Processing of Commercially Pure Ti and Its Influence on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Metals. 2024; 14(6):644. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060644
Chicago/Turabian StyleRegev, Michael, and Stefano Spigarelli. 2024. "On Dynamic Recrystallization during the Friction Stir Processing of Commercially Pure Ti and Its Influence on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties" Metals 14, no. 6: 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060644