Material Properties and Friction and Wear Behavior of Ti–18 mass% Nb Alloy after Gas Nitriding and Quenching Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Microstructures and Material Properties after GNQP
3.2. Changes in Friction and Wear Behavior Based on the Indenter Material and Load
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in the Internal Structure after GNQP
4.2. Changes in the Wear Amount and Coefficient of Friction
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- For GNQP at 1023 and 1223 K for 1 and 5 h, a N solid-solution phase of α-TiN0.3 was formed with a high gas nitriding temperature applied for a longer time. The constituent phase of the outermost surface was mainly TiO2 at 1023 K and TiN at 1223 K. As the gas nitriding temperature and time increased, the hardness of the surface and interior increased. At 1023 K, the internal friction was equivalent to that of AQ; however, at 1223 K, it decreased because of the formation of a nitrided layer. At 1223 K, both Ra and Rz were higher than those at 1023 K and increased as the reaction time was increased from 1 h to 5 h.
- (2)
- Compared with AQ, the amount of wear decreased for all GNQP specimens obtained at 1023, 1123, and 1223 K. Using different indenter materials, the steel ball adhered to the GNQP surface, whereas the alumina ball adhered to the AQ specimen and not to the GNQP surface. The change in the coefficient of friction differed between the GNQP specimens at 1023 and 1223 K, with a lower value obtained at 1023 K. Furthermore, no difference in the amount of wear was observed under a load of 500 g, whereas the GNQP specimen obtained at 1023 K exhibited less wear under a load of 3000 g.
- (3)
- The change in the internal structure after GNQP treatment was evaluated by calculating the lattice constant and unit volume from the XRD profile. The α” martensite phase at a depth of 70 μm from the surface is thought to have expanded because of the N solid solution at 1023 and 1223 K. At a depth of 320 μm, the α” martensite phase of the GNQP specimen obtained at 1023 K was equivalent to that of the AQ specimen, which expanded at 1223 K.
- (4)
- By examining the wear track depth, the surface constituent phase and surface roughness had a significant effect on the wear at a load of 500 g. However, at 3000 g, the wear track depth was smaller at 1023 K, which can be ascribed to the hardened layer at 1223 K that can be easily peeled off, and the higher damping capacity at 1023 K. From the results of this study, it is considered that GNQP at 1023 K is suitable for improving the damping capacity and wear resistance of Ti–18Nb alloy.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AQ | Gas Nitriding and Quenching Process (GNQP) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1023 K_1 h | 1023 K_5 h | 1123 K_1 h | 1223 K_1 h | 1223 K_5 h | ||
Cross section hardness | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Cross section SEM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
X-ray diffraction | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Internal friction | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Suraface roughness | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Friction wear test | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
mass% | at.% | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | Nb | N | O | Ti | Nb | N | O | |
① | 84.3 | 6.8 | 8.1 | 0.9 | 71.5 | 3.0 | 23.4 | 2.2 |
② | 71.4 | 27.9 | ― | 0.7 | 81.3 | 16.4 | ― | 2.3 |
③ | 83.3 | 14.2 | 2.5 | ― | 84.0 | 7.4 | 8.6 | ― |
④ | 80.0 | 20.0 | ― | ― | 88.6 | 11.4 | ― | ― |
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Mantani, Y.; Tsuji, M.; Akada, E.; Homma, T. Material Properties and Friction and Wear Behavior of Ti–18 mass% Nb Alloy after Gas Nitriding and Quenching Process. Metals 2024, 14, 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14080944
Mantani Y, Tsuji M, Akada E, Homma T. Material Properties and Friction and Wear Behavior of Ti–18 mass% Nb Alloy after Gas Nitriding and Quenching Process. Metals. 2024; 14(8):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14080944
Chicago/Turabian StyleMantani, Yoshikazu, Miku Tsuji, Eri Akada, and Tomoyuki Homma. 2024. "Material Properties and Friction and Wear Behavior of Ti–18 mass% Nb Alloy after Gas Nitriding and Quenching Process" Metals 14, no. 8: 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14080944