Microstructure and Properties of Hybrid Laser Arc Welded Joints (Laser Beam-MAG) in Thermo-Mechanical Control Processed S700MC Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Welding Process
2.2. Tests of Welded Joints
- visual tests performed on the basis of the requirements specified in the PN-EN ISO 17637:2011 standard;
- magnetic particle tests performed following the guidelines referred to in the PN-EN ISO 3059:2005, PN-EN ISO 9934-2:2003, and PN-EN ISO 9934-3:2003 standards. The necessary contrast was obtained using white contrast paint MR 72. The tests were performed using magnetic powder suspension MR 76S (MR International, Fränkisch-Crumbach, Germany) and a yoke electromagnet;
- radiographic tests based on the PN-EN 1435 standard performed using a CERAM 235 X-ray tube (Balteau NDT, Hermalle-sous-argenteau, Belgium) with the X-ray beam having a diameter d = 2 mm, a voltage U = 180 kV, a current I = 3 mA, and intensifying screens OW of −0.15 mm. The test results were recorded using an AGFA C5 photographic plate with an exposure time t = 2.3 min and a focal length f = 700 mm. Images were assessed using a 13FEEN wire-type image quality indicator.
- tensile tests performed in accordance with PN-EN ISO 6892-1:2010 using a ZWICK/ROELL Z 330RED (Zwick Roell, Ulm, Germany) testing machine and specimens sampled in accordance with PN-EN ISO 4136:2011 (dimensions of the sample: 300 mm × 35 mm × 10 mm);
- a face bend test of the butt weld (FBB) and a root bend test of the butt weld (RBB) performed in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 5173:2010 standard (dimensions of the sample: 300 mm × 20 mm × 10 mm). The bend tests were performed using a ZWICK/ROELL Z 330RED testing machine (Zwick Roell, Ulm, Germany) with an additional module enabling the performance of bend tests involving the use of a bending mandrel having a diameter of 30 mm. The distance between the rollers was set at 60 mm. To identify the position of the weld axis, the faces of the specimens were etched using Adler’s reagent;
- impact strength tests performed in accordance with PN-EN ISO 148-1:2010 using specimens with the V-notch and a ZWICK/ROELL RKP 450 impact testing machine (Zwick Roell, Ulm, Germany). The tests were conducted at a temperature of −30 °C (due to industrial requirements). Because of the thickness of the plates being welded (10 mm) and the necessity of performing a preparatory mechanical treatment, the specimens were reduced in cross-section to 7.5 mm. The samples were extracted from the base metal, the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the FL (fusion line), and the specimens were etched using Nital;
- macroscopic metallographic tests performed using an Olympus SZX9 light stereoscopic microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan); the test specimens were etched using Adler’s reagent (CHMES, Poznań, Poland);
- microscopic metallographic tests performed using a NIKON ECLIPSE MA100 light microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan); the test specimens were etched using Nital;
- hardness measurements performed using a Vickers 401MVD hardness testing machine (Wilson Wolpert, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA) and a load of 1 kg;
- X-ray phase analysis performed using an X’Pert PRO diffractometer and an X’Celerator strip detector (PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands);
- tests of thin foils performed using a Titan 80–300 kV (FEI) high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (HR S/TEM, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) provided with an XFEG electron gun with the Schottky field emission characterised by enhanced brightness.
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition, wt % | ||||||||||||
C | Si | Mn | P | S | Altot. | Nb | V | Ti | B | Mo. | Ce ** | |
0.056 | 0.16 | 1.18 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.027 | 0.044 | 0.006 | 0.12 | 0.002 | 0.0150 | 0.33 | |
Mechanical Properties | ||||||||||||
Tensile Strength Rm, MPa | Yield Point Re, MPa | Elongation A5, % | Hardness HV | Impact strength, J/cm2 (−20 °C) | ||||||||
822 | 768 | 19 | 280 | 135 |
Chemical Composition, wt % | |||||||||
C | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | Ti | |||
0.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.55 | 0.07 | |||
Mechanical Properties | |||||||||
Tensile Strength Rm, MPa | Yield Point Re, MPa | Elongation A5, % | Impact Strength, J/cm2 (−40 °C) | ||||||
900 | 810 | 18 | 55 |
Pre-Weld Metal Preparation | Welding Sequence | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ||||
Beam Power, W | Welding Rate, m/min | Wire Feeding Rate, m/min | Welding Current, A | Arc Voltage, V | Width of the Gap, mm |
5000 | 0.7 | 8 | 250 | 22 | 0.7 |
Tensile Strength * | Bending *, Bend Angle, ° | Impact Strength KCV **, J/cm2 (Test Temperature −30 °C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rm, MPa | Area of Rupture | Face | Root | Weld | FL | HAZ |
790 | HAZ | 180 | 180 | 89 | 51 | 42 |
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Górka, J.; Stano, S. Microstructure and Properties of Hybrid Laser Arc Welded Joints (Laser Beam-MAG) in Thermo-Mechanical Control Processed S700MC Steel. Metals 2018, 8, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8020132
Górka J, Stano S. Microstructure and Properties of Hybrid Laser Arc Welded Joints (Laser Beam-MAG) in Thermo-Mechanical Control Processed S700MC Steel. Metals. 2018; 8(2):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8020132
Chicago/Turabian StyleGórka, Jacek, and Sebastian Stano. 2018. "Microstructure and Properties of Hybrid Laser Arc Welded Joints (Laser Beam-MAG) in Thermo-Mechanical Control Processed S700MC Steel" Metals 8, no. 2: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8020132