Effect of Mg Concentration on the Aluminothermic Reduction of Mn2O3 Particles Obtained from Cathodes of Discharged Alkaline Batteries: Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Results
Abstract
:1. Introduction
ΔG°1073 K = −529.41 kJ
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermodynamics in the Aluminothermic Reduction Process of Mn2O3
ΔG°1073 K = −1336.71 kJ
ΔG°1073 K = −529.41 kJ
2Al + Mg + Mn3O4 = 3Mn + MgAl2O4
ΔG°1073 K = −423.14 kJ
ΔG°1073 K = −212.40 kJ
ΔG°1073 K = −203.16 kJ
3.2. X-Ray Diffraction of Reaction Products in the Aluminothermic Reduction Process of Mn2O3
3.3. Effect of Mg on the Aluminothermic Reduction of Solid Particles of Mn2O3
3.4. Kinetics of the Aluminothermic Reduction of Mn2O3 for Different Mg Contents in the Alloy
3.5. Mathematical Modelin
3.6. Reaction Mechanism
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Ni | Zn | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum cans | 0.26 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.62 | 1.07 | 0.09 | 0.10 | Balance |
Mg Scrap | 0.01 | 0.01 | - | - | Balance | - | 0.02 | 3.28 |
Alloys of Al | Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Ni | Zn | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alloy 1 | 0.26 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.62 | 1.07 | 0.09 | 0.10 | Balance |
Alloy 2 | 0.26 | 0.63 | 0.24 | 0.62 | 2.05 | 0.09 | 0.10 | Balance |
Alloy 3 | 0.25 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.60 | 3.02 | 0.09 | 0.10 | Balance |
Alloy 4 | 0.25 | 0.62 | 0.23 | 0.59 | 4.01 | 0.09 | 0.10 | Balance |
Treatment Time (min) | Aggregate Quantity A1 Mn2O3 (g) | Grams Mn in Mn2O3 (β Mn2O3) | Mn Dissolved in Alloy θ (wt %) | Dissolved Mn Increase (wt %) | Reacted Fraction (Mn2O3) | Reacted Fraction by Applying the R1 Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
15 | 7.88 | 2.74 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
30 | 15.75 | 5.48 | 0.11 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
45 | 23.63 | 8.22 | 0.16 | 0.78 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
60 | 31.50 | 10.96 | 0.22 | 0.84 | 0.25 | 0.26 |
75 | 39.38 | 13.70 | 0.27 | 0.89 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
90 | 47.25 | 16.44 | 0.33 | 0.95 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
105 | 55.13 | 19.19 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 0.44 | 0.48 |
120 | 63.00 | 21.93 | 0.44 | 1.06 | 0.50 | 0.55 |
135 | 70.88 | 24.67 | 0.49 | 1.11 | 0.56 | 0.63 |
150 | 78.75 | 27.41 | 0.55 | 1.17 | 0.62 | 0.72 |
165 | 86.63 | 30.15 | 0.60 | 1.22 | 0.69 | 0.81 |
180 | 94.50 | 32.89 | 0.66 | 1.28 | 0.75 | 0.90 |
195 | 102.38 | 35.63 | 0.71 | 1.33 | 0.81 | 1.00 |
210 | 110.25 | 38.37 | 0.77 | 1.39 | 0.87 | 1.12 |
225 | 118.13 | 41.11 | 0.82 | 1.44 | 0.93 | 1.26 |
240 | 126.00 | 43.85 | 0.88 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.47 |
Treatment Time (min) | Aggregate Quantity Mn3O4 (g) | Grams Mn in Mn3O4 (β Mn3O4) | Mn Dissolved in Alloy θ (wt %) | Dissolved Mn Increase (wt %) | Reacted Fraction (Mn3O4) | Reacted Fraction by Applying the R1 Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
15 | 7.88 | 1.89 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
30 | 15.75 | 3.78 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
45 | 23.63 | 5.67 | 0.11 | 0.73 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
60 | 31.50 | 7.56 | 0.15 | 0.77 | 0.17 | 0.18 |
75 | 39.38 | 9.46 | 0.19 | 0.81 | 0.21 | 0.22 |
90 | 47.25 | 11.35 | 0.23 | 0.85 | 0.26 | 0.27 |
105 | 55.13 | 13.24 | 0.26 | 0.88 | 0.30 | 0.32 |
120 | 63.00 | 15.13 | 0.30 | 0.92 | 0.34 | 0.37 |
135 | 70.88 | 17.02 | 0.34 | 0.96 | 0.39 | 0.42 |
150 | 78.75 | 18.91 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 0.43 | 0.47 |
165 | 86.63 | 20.80 | 0.42 | 1.04 | 0.47 | 0.52 |
180 | 94.50 | 22.69 | 0.45 | 1.07 | 0.52 | 0.57 |
195 | 102.38 | 24.58 | 0.49 | 1.11 | 0.56 | 0.63 |
210 | 110.25 | 26.47 | 0.53 | 1.15 | 0.60 | 0.69 |
225 | 118.13 | 28.37 | 0.57 | 1.19 | 0.64 | 0.75 |
240 | 126.00 | 30.26 | 0.61 | 1.23 | 0.69 | 0.81 |
Treatment Time (min) | Aggregate Quantity MnO (g) | Grams Mn in MnO (β MnO) | Mn Dissolved in Alloy θ (wt %) | Dissolved Mn Increase (wt %) | Reacted Fraction (MnO) | Reacted Fraction by Applying the R1 Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
15 | 7.88 | 6.10 | 0.12 | 0.74 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
30 | 15.75 | 12.20 | 0.24 | 0.86 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
45 | 23.63 | 18.30 | 0.37 | 0.99 | 0.42 | 0.45 |
60 | 31.50 | 24.40 | 0.49 | 1.11 | 0.55 | 0.63 |
75 | 39.38 | 30.50 | 0.61 | 1.23 | 0.69 | 0.82 |
90 | 47.25 | 36.60 | 0.73 | 1.35 | 0.83 | 1.04 |
105 | 55.13 | 42.70 | 0.85 | 1.47 | 0.97 | 1.36 |
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Dávila, O.F.; Torres, J.T.; Valdes, A.F. Effect of Mg Concentration on the Aluminothermic Reduction of Mn2O3 Particles Obtained from Cathodes of Discharged Alkaline Batteries: Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Results. Metals 2019, 9, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010049
Dávila OF, Torres JT, Valdes AF. Effect of Mg Concentration on the Aluminothermic Reduction of Mn2O3 Particles Obtained from Cathodes of Discharged Alkaline Batteries: Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Results. Metals. 2019; 9(1):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010049
Chicago/Turabian StyleDávila, Orlando Flores, Jesús Torres Torres, and Alfredo Flores Valdes. 2019. "Effect of Mg Concentration on the Aluminothermic Reduction of Mn2O3 Particles Obtained from Cathodes of Discharged Alkaline Batteries: Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Results" Metals 9, no. 1: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010049