Effect of Milling Conditions on the Microstructural Design in Aluminum Based Alloy Fabricated by SPS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Compositions Processing
2.3. Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)
2.4. Microstructural Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition, wt. % | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn | Pb | Cu | Zn | Mg | Si | Mo | Al |
6 | 2 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.45 | 1 | Bal. |
Simple Mixture 1 (S1) | Simple Mixture 2 (S2) | Simple Mixture 3 (S3) | Compound Mixture | Compound Mixture Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
all elemental powders were milled for 24 h | M1 | |||
Cu+Zn/24 h | Sn+Mg+Pb/24 h | Al+Si+Mo/24 h | S1+S2+S3/24 h | M2 |
— | Sn+Mg+Pb/48 h | Al+Si+Mo/24 h | S2+S3+Cu+Zn/12 h | M3 |
No. | Contents of Elements by Weight (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Mg | Al | Si | Cu | Zn | Mo | Sn | Pb | |
1 | 3.66 | 5.28 | 0.12 | 89.13 | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.54 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 4.54 | 6.76 | 0.12 | 86.67 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 5.39 | 6.98 | 0.21 | 85.87 | 0.63 | 0.37 | 0.56 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 4.64 | 5.38 | 0.13 | 88.29 | 0.63 | 0.31 | 0.62 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | 4.27 | 7.92 | 0.11 | 85.4 | 0.42 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0 | 0.43 | 0 |
6 | 2.25 | 15.36 | 0.71 | 37.76 | 5.42 | 0.22 | 0.96 | 0 | 29.74 | 7.59 |
7 | 4.58 | 20.24 | 2.79 | 57.91 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0 | 12.54 | 0.66 |
8 | 2.5 | 25.76 | 0.64 | 28.04 | 0 | 0.28 | 1.6 | 0 | 26.52 | 14.66 |
9 | 2.69 | 18.77 | 0.48 | 58.88 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.73 | 0 | 18.15 | 0 |
10 | 2.93 | 16.62 | 0.39 | 64.71 | 0.2 | 0.48 | 0.73 | 0 | 13.94 | 0 |
11 | 6.6 | 39.21 | 2.33 | 4.06 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.3 | 0.29 | 25.54 | 1.1 |
12 | 4.85 | 25.85 | 0.95 | 48.36 | 0 | 1.09 | 0.54 | 0 | 16.99 | 1.37 |
13 | 6.4 | 18.37 | 1.98 | 28.55 | 0.15 | 1.32 | 0.75 | 0 | 30.58 | 11.89 |
14 | 8.75 | 5.93 | 1.52 | 42.1 | 0 | 32.64 | 6.05 | 0 | 3.01 | 0 |
15 | 26.76 | 14.56 | 0.91 | 39.21 | 0.42 | 16.96 | 0.33 | 0 | 0.72 | 0 |
16 | 5.49 | 21 | 0 | 40.24 | 0.18 | 0.45 | 0.59 | 0 | 28.76 | 3.3 |
17 | 6.5 | 28.83 | 5.08 | 1.9 | 0.18 | 0.72 | 3.08 | 0 | 51.61 | 2.1 |
18 | 6.43 | 3.88 | 0 | 61.91 | 0.9 | 25.85 | 0.45 | 0 | 0.58 | 0 |
19 | 4.2 | 6.21 | 0.3 | 53.04 | 0.63 | 21.02 | 0.36 | 0 | 14.26 | 0 |
20 | 16.08 | 22.84 | 0.8 | 39.31 | 0.11 | 1.36 | 0.59 | 0 | 7.35 | 11.42 |
21 | 8.7 | 6.86 | 0.19 | 82.05 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.74 | 0 | 0.17 | 0 |
22 | 24.54 | 28.8 | 3.8 | 4.42 | 0.6 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0 | 34.38 | 0.75 |
23 | 11.42 | 32.24 | 2.31 | 8.76 | 0.64 | 0.4 | 0.36 | 0 | 41.2 | 2.68 |
24 | 14.69 | 16.84 | 0.64 | 61.7 | 0.26 | 2.34 | 0.71 | 0 | 2.39 | 0.43 |
25 | 5.06 | 19.79 | 3.02 | 2.27 | 0.22 | 0.72 | 0.53 | 0 | 60.63 | 7.75 |
26 | 2.9 | 28.55 | 3.47 | 26.77 | 0 | 0 | 0.53 | 0 | 12.91 | 24.87 |
27 | 3.2 | 8.61 | 0.56 | 0.87 | 0 | 0 | 0.58 | 0 | 80.56 | 5.61 |
28 | 9.4 | 14.98 | 0.4 | 69.63 | 0.26 | 0.7 | 1.03 | 0 | 3.61 | 0 |
29 | 9.14 | 38.6 | 1.11 | 41.48 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 0 | 7.33 | 0.66 |
30 | 8.92 | 28.02 | 4.16 | 1.84 | 0.42 | 3.65 | 2.24 | 0 | 47.14 | 3.62 |
31 | 7.34 | 15.09 | 2.65 | 21.92 | 0.2 | 9.8 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 39.99 | 2.62 |
32 | 4.65 | 21.78 | 1.31 | 45.06 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.55 | 0 | 21.95 | 4.32 |
33 | 7.54 | 8.38 | 0.36 | 80.15 | 0.62 | 1.59 | 0.64 | 0 | 0.42 | 0 |
34 | 5.45 | 9.87 | 0.15 | 82.87 | 0.37 | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
35 | 7.62 | 47.03 | 5.03 | 12.7 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0 | 25.7 | 1.12 |
36 | 8.37 | 40.69 | 2.05 | 35.55 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.73 | 0 | 10.67 | 0.83 |
37 | 10.23 | 23.48 | 0.44 | 58.33 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.75 | 0 | 5.37 | 0.65 |
38 | 7.62 | 4.83 | 0.33 | 60.91 | 0.77 | 25.16 | 0.38 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
39 | 6.76 | 26.99 | 3.93 | 13.07 | 0.11 | 0.3 | 0.75 | 0 | 43.79 | 4.01 |
No. | Contents of Elements by Weight (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Mg | Al | Si | Fe | Cu | Zn | Mo | Sn | Pb | |
1 | 2.62 | 7.83 | 0 | 85.03 | 0.16 | 0 | 0.48 | 0.77 | 0.26 | 1.84 | 1.02 |
2 | 3.19 | 7.36 | 0 | 89.06 | 0 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 3 | 16.16 | 0.13 | 79.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.33 | 0.62 | 0 | 0.66 |
4 | 5.77 | 16.44 | 0 | 77.79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | 4.29 | 34.98 | 0.77 | 20.05 | 0.14 | 0 | 1.63 | 0.84 | 0 | 30.19 | 7.11 |
6 | 6.62 | 29.6 | 1.27 | 6.29 | 0.49 | 0 | 1.44 | 0.4 | 0 | 51.51 | 2.38 |
7 | 3.52 | 24.07 | 0.64 | 15.55 | 0.33 | 0 | 1.17 | 0.6 | 0.31 | 52.02 | 1.8 |
8 | 3.45 | 5.63 | 2.64 | 31.14 | 0.26 | 0 | 49.53 | 0.96 | 0 | 6.39 | 0 |
9 | 3.65 | 1.73 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 0 | 0 | 71.91 | 21.48 | 0 | 0.38 | 0 |
10 | 7.1 | 4.71 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 66.83 | 19.56 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11 | 8.6 | 6.13 | 0.32 | 0.94 | 0 | 0 | 50.28 | 33.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.71 |
12 | 16.29 | 45.16 | 2.79 | 30.51 | 0.85 | 0 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 1.1 | 1.47 | 1.13 |
13 | 2.77 | 11.04 | 0 | 86.19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14 | 4.03 | 28.73 | 6.27 | 20.62 | 0.38 | 0 | 3.02 | 1.33 | 0 | 29.62 | 6 |
15 | 4.05 | 3.64 | 0.39 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 | 85.32 | 3.34 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.6 |
16 | 3.7 | 30.29 | 3.68 | 5.15 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.53 | 0.25 | 0 | 48.44 | 7.72 |
17 | 3.25 | 20.69 | 0.84 | 63.02 | 0.15 | 0 | 0.74 | 0.97 | 0.39 | 7.39 | 2.54 |
18 | 2.87 | 14.96 | 0.29 | 75.98 | 0.14 | 0 | 0.74 | 1.06 | 0.35 | 2.18 | 1.44 |
19 | 3.65 | 4.71 | 0.08 | 90.44 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | 5.27 | 24.73 | 0.39 | 20.18 | 0.14 | 0 | 37.15 | 10.53 | 0.34 | 0.5 | 0.77 |
21 | 3.06 | 17.72 | 0.25 | 60.18 | 0.15 | 0 | 1.09 | 0.82 | 0.35 | 12.3 | 4.07 |
22 | 3.29 | 8.11 | 0.25 | 45.95 | 0.19 | 0 | 34.41 | 0.96 | 0 | 6.37 | 0.46 |
23 | 2.25 | 15.32 | 0.72 | 12.48 | 0 | 0 | 0.35 | 2.12 | 0 | 57.3 | 9.47 |
24 | 9.16 | 28.06 | 1.56 | 3.77 | 0.16 | 1.24 | 0 | 0.25 | 44.54 | 7.76 | 3.5 |
25 | 3.52 | 1.12 | 0 | 0.58 | 0 | 0 | 77.12 | 17.66 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
No. | Contents of Elements by Weight (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Mg | Al | Si | Cu | Zn | Mo | Sn | Pb | |
1 | 2.06 | 12.09 | 0.36 | 77.62 | 0.16 | 1.04 | 1.97 | 0.24 | 3.5 | 0.94 |
2 | 1.61 | 10.98 | 0.38 | 78.11 | 0.19 | 1.09 | 1.93 | 0 | 4.59 | 1.11 |
3 | 1.89 | 8.51 | 0.66 | 81.75 | 0.44 | 0.99 | 2.11 | 0 | 2.53 | 1.12 |
4 | 1.7 | 5 | 0.12 | 88.81 | 0.3 | 1.57 | 2.21 | 0 | 0.29 | 0 |
5 | 2.69 | 13.31 | 1.12 | 69.18 | 0.21 | 1.03 | 1.88 | 0 | 4.35 | 6.23 |
6 | 1.97 | 13.95 | 0.23 | 78.63 | 0.19 | 1.49 | 1.86 | 0.44 | 0.84 | 0.4 |
7 | 2.16 | 5.92 | 0.17 | 85.36 | 0.24 | 1.88 | 2 | 0.35 | 1.45 | 0.47 |
8 | 6.88 | 5.02 | 0.09 | 81.64 | 0.2 | 2.43 | 2.16 | 0 | 1.57 | 0 |
9 | 2.1 | 6.64 | 0.23 | 80.11 | 0.24 | 5.42 | 1.91 | 0 | 2.48 | 0.87 |
10 | 1.84 | 4.81 | 0.28 | 87.57 | 0.26 | 1.06 | 2.1 | 0 | 1.02 | 1.06 |
11 | 1.07 | 1.99 | 0.46 | 42.29 | 0.3 | 43.91 | 0.71 | 0 | 7.45 | 1.82 |
12 | 1.91 | 0.95 | 0.4 | 27.71 | 0 | 63.26 | 2.98 | 0 | 2.08 | 0.71 |
13 | 1.52 | 2.57 | 1.02 | 42.9 | 0.34 | 46.31 | 0.71 | 0 | 3.46 | 1.17 |
14 | 4.11 | 20.02 | 5.24 | 3.14 | 0.3 | 3.58 | 6.66 | 0 | 39.02 | 17.32 |
15 | 1.82 | 1.71 | 0.17 | 45.65 | 0.29 | 48.47 | 0.44 | 0 | 1.02 | 0.42 |
16 | 1.72 | 6.78 | 0.36 | 32.33 | 2.89 | 38.27 | 1.36 | 0 | 14.05 | 2.24 |
17 | 5.08 | 11.73 | 0.8 | 2.01 | 0.28 | 12.07 | 0.84 | 0 | 65.11 | 2.09 |
18 | 8.16 | 15.46 | 2.46 | 4.43 | 0.18 | 5.26 | 1.22 | 19.14 | 41.02 | 2.66 |
19 | 2.69 | 6 | 1.62 | 30.73 | 0.26 | 36.71 | 2.05 | 0 | 11.74 | 8.2 |
20 | 2.03 | 2.76 | 0.16 | 44.87 | 0.31 | 46.61 | 0.62 | 0 | 1.78 | 0.87 |
21 | 1.88 | 1.56 | 0.31 | 45.08 | 0.33 | 49 | 0.66 | 0 | 1.18 | 0 |
22 | 2.55 | 3.36 | 0.14 | 35.45 | 0.35 | 39.2 | 0.72 | 0 | 7.41 | 10.82 |
23 | 2.05 | 9.31 | 0.16 | 39.4 | 0.17 | 0.98 | 1.28 | 42.86 | 2.08 | 1.7 |
24 | 2.44 | 16.23 | 0.5 | 55.04 | 0.18 | 7.92 | 1.51 | 12.11 | 2.63 | 1.46 |
25 | 2.58 | 16.66 | 0.21 | 73.41 | 0.16 | 1.63 | 1.96 | 1.56 | 1.32 | 0.49 |
26 | 1.86 | 12.44 | 0.17 | 73.35 | 0.19 | 1.49 | 1.71 | 4.77 | 2.04 | 1.97 |
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Smirnov, A.; Kuznetsova, E.; Pristinskiy, Y.; Podrabinnik, P.; Mironov, A.; Gershman, I.; Peretyagin, P. Effect of Milling Conditions on the Microstructural Design in Aluminum Based Alloy Fabricated by SPS. Metals 2019, 9, 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111164
Smirnov A, Kuznetsova E, Pristinskiy Y, Podrabinnik P, Mironov A, Gershman I, Peretyagin P. Effect of Milling Conditions on the Microstructural Design in Aluminum Based Alloy Fabricated by SPS. Metals. 2019; 9(11):1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111164
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmirnov, Anton, Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Yuri Pristinskiy, Pavel Podrabinnik, Alexander Mironov, Iosif Gershman, and Pavel Peretyagin. 2019. "Effect of Milling Conditions on the Microstructural Design in Aluminum Based Alloy Fabricated by SPS" Metals 9, no. 11: 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111164